OSWlibkedro我开始在 PyPI 自述文件中遵循这个示例：
>>> from owslib.wms import WebMapService
>>> wms = WebMapService('http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi', version='1.1.1')
>>> wms.identification.type
'OGC:WMS'
>>> wms.identification.version
'1.1.1'
>>> wms.identification.title
'JPL Global Imagery Service'
>>> wms.identification.abstract
'WMS Server maintained by JPL, worldwide satellite imagery.'
Available layers::
>>> list(wms.contents)
['us_landsat_wgs84', 'modis', 'global_mosaic_base', 'huemapped_srtm',
'srtm_mag', 'daily_terra', 'us_ned', 'us_elevation', 'global_mosaic',
'daily_terra_ndvi', 'daily_aqua_ndvi', 'daily_aqua_721', 'daily_planet',
'BMNG', 'srtmplus', 'us_colordem', None, 'daily_aqua', 'worldwind_dem',
'daily_terra_721']
Details of a layer::
>>> wms['global_mosaic'].title
'WMS Global Mosaic, pan sharpened'
>>> wms['global_mosaic'].boundingBoxWGS84
(-180.0, -60.0, 180.0, 84.0)
>>> wms['global_mosaic'].crsOptions
['EPSG:4326', 'AUTO:42003']
>>> wms['global_mosaic'].styles
{'pseudo_bright': {'title': 'Pseudo-color image (Uses IR and Visual bands,
542 mapping), gamma 1.5'}, 'pseudo': {'title': '(default) Pseudo-color
image, pan sharpened (Uses IR and Visual bands, 542 mapping), gamma 1.5'},
'visual': {'title': 'Real-color image, pan sharpened (Uses the visual
bands, 321 mapping), gamma 1.5'}, 'pseudo_low': {'title': 'Pseudo-color
image, pan sharpened (Uses IR and Visual bands, 542 mapping)'},
'visual_low': {'title': 'Real-color image, pan sharpened (Uses the visual
bands, 321 mapping)'}, 'visual_bright': {'title': 'Real-color image (Uses
the visual bands, 321 mapping), gamma 1.5'}}
Available methods, their URLs, and available formats::
>>> [op.name for op in wms.operations]
['GetTileService', 'GetCapabilities', 'GetMap']
>>> wms.getOperationByName('GetMap').methods
{'Get': {'url': 'http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?'}}
>>> wms.getOperationByName('GetMap').formatOptions
['image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/geotiff', 'image/tiff']
That's everything needed to make a request for imagery::
>>> img = wms.getmap( layers=['global_mosaic'],
... styles=['visual_bright'],
... srs='EPSG:4326',
... bbox=(-112, 36, -106, 41),
... size=(300, 250),
... format='image/jpeg',
... transparent=True
... )
>>> out = open('jpl_mosaic_visb.jpg', 'wb')
>>> out.write(img.read())
>>> out.close()
但我几乎立即遇到了错误。
(vewnv) [galen@orcus Downloads]$ python
Python 3.11.3 (main, Jun 5 2023, 09:32:32) [GCC 13.1.1 20230429] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from owslib.wms import WebMapService
>>> wms = WebMapService('http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi', version='1.1.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 203, in _new_conn
sock = connection.create_connection(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 60, in create_connection
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/lib/python3.11/socket.py", line 962, in getaddrinfo
for res in _socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags):
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
socket.gaierror: [Errno -2] Name or service not known
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 790, in urlopen
response = self._make_request(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 496, in _make_request
conn.request(
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 395, in request
self.endheaders()
File "/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py", line 1278, in endheaders
self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File "/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py", line 1038, in _send_output
self.send(msg)
File "/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py", line 976, in send
self.connect()
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 243, in connect
self.sock = self._new_conn()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 210, in _new_conn
raise NameResolutionError(self.host, self, e) from e
urllib3.exceptions.NameResolutionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7f77cd407310>: Failed to resolve 'wms.jpl.nasa.gov' ([Errno -2] Name or service not known)
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 486, in send
resp = conn.urlopen(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 844, in urlopen
retries = retries.increment(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 515, in increment
raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason # type: ignore[arg-type]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='wms.jpl.nasa.gov', port=80): Max retries exceeded with url: /wms.cgi?service=WMS&request=GetCapabilities&version=1.1.1 (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7f77cd407310>: Failed to resolve 'wms.jpl.nasa.gov' ([Errno -2] Name or service not known)"))
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/owslib/wms.py", line 50, in WebMapService
return wms111.WebMapService_1_1_1(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/owslib/map/wms111.py", line 75, in __init__
self._capabilities = reader.read(self.url, timeout=self.timeout)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/owslib/map/common.py", line 65, in read
u = openURL(spliturl[0], spliturl[1], method='Get',
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/owslib/util.py", line 209, in openURL
req = requests.request(method.upper(), url_base, headers=headers, **rkwargs)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 59, in request
return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 589, in request
resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 703, in send
r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/galen/Downloads/vewnv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 519, in send
raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='wms.jpl.nasa.gov', port=80): Max retries exceeded with url: /wms.cgi?service=WMS&request=GetCapabilities&version=1.1.1 (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7f77cd407310>: Failed to resolve 'wms.jpl.nasa.gov' ([Errno -2] Name or service not known)"))
示例中使用的服务器 (
http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov