如何添加两个带有相反符号的浮点数?

问题描述 投票:1回答:1

为了有趣并想出更多有关浮点数如何工作的信息,我试图制作一个函数,该函数接受两个单精度浮点数并将它们加在一起。

到目前为止,我对相同的符号编号可以完美地工作,但是当数字具有相反的符号时,它会崩溃。我查看了许多问题和站点(UAFHow do you add 8-bit floating point with different signsICLAdding 32 bit floating point numbers.How to add and subtract 16 bit floating point half precision numbers?How to subtract IEEE 754 numbers?),但那些提出减法的人大多将其描述为“基本上是相同的,但取而代之的是“”,我认为这没有什么帮助。 UAF does

负尾数首先通过转换为2的补数,然后执行加法来处理。执行加法后,结果将转换回符号幅度形式。

但是似乎我不知道该怎么做。我发现thisthis解释了什么是符号幅度以及如何在其和二进制补码之间进行转换,所以我尝试像这样进行转换:

manz = manx + ( ( (many | 0x01000000) ^ 0x007FFFFF) + 1);

并且像这样:

manz = manx + ( ( (many | 0x01000000) ^ 0x007FFFFF) + 1);
manz = ( ((manz - 1) ^ 0x007FFFFF) & 0xFEFFFFFF);

但是这些都不起作用。

[尝试使用其他资料所述的减法方法,我尝试以各种方式对负数的尾数求反:

manz = manx - many;
manz = manx + (many - (1<<23));
manz = manx + (many - (1<<24));
manz = manx + ( (many - (1<<23)) & 0x007FFFFF );
manz = manx + ( (many - (1<<23)) + 1);
manz = manx + ( (~many & 0x007FFFFF) + 1);
manz = manx + (~many + 1);
manz = manx + ( (many ^ 0x007FFFFF) + 1);
manz = manx + ( (many ^ 0x00FFFFFF) + 1);
manz = manx + ( (many ^ 0x003FFFFF) + 1);

这是应该根据符号处理加法的语句,是在尾数对齐后:

expz = expy;
if(signx != signy) { // opp sign
  if(manx < many) {
    signz = signy;
    manz = many + ((manx ^ 0x007FFFFF) + 1);
  } else if(manx > many) {
    signz = signx;
    manz = manx - ((many ^ 0x007FFFFF) + 1);
  } else { // x == y
    signz = 0x00000000;
    expz  = 0x00000000;
    manz  = 0x00000000;
  }
} else {
  signz = signx;
  manz  = manx + many;
}

这是紧随其后的代码,用于在溢出的情况下对数字进行归一化,当它们具有相同的符号时可以使用,但是我不确定在减去时它的工作方式是否有意义:

if(manz & 0x01000000) {
  expz++;
  manz = (manz >> 1) + (manz & 0x1);
}
manz &= 0x007FFFFF;

[使用测试值-3.34632F34.8532413F,当它应为0x427E071663.506920)时,得到答案0x41FC0E2D31.506922),并使用测试值3.34632F-34.8532413F ],当答案应为0xC27E0716-63.506920)时,我得到答案0xC1FC0E2D-31.506922)。

c algorithm floating-point
1个回答
-1
投票

如何添加两个带有相反符号的浮点数?

大多数情况下不是。

对于所有不能依靠“二进制补码溢出”的数字类型工作的东西(例如浮点数,大数库等),您总是会得到类似以下的结果:

add_signed(v1, v2) {
    if( v1 < 0) {
        if( v2 < 0) {
            // Both negative
            return -add_unsigned(-v1, -v2);
        } else {
            // Different sign, v1 is negative
            return subtract_unsigned(v2, -v1);
        }
    } else {
        if( v2 < 0) {
            // Different sign, v2 is negative
            return subtract_unsigned(v1, -v2);
        } else {
            // Both positive
            return add_unsigned(v1, v2);
        }
    }
 }

subtract_signed(v1, v2) {
    return add_signed(v1, -v2);
}

add_unsigned(v1, v2) {
    // Here we know that v1 and v2 will never be negative, and
    //   we know that the result will never be negative
    ...
}

subtract_unsigned(v1, v2) {
    if(v1 < v2) {
        return -subtract_unsigned(v2, v1);
    }
    // Here we know that v1 and v2 will never be negative, and
    //   we know that the result will never be negative
    ...
}

换句话说,所有实际加法和所有实际减法都使用无符号(“绝不为负”)数字进行。

更完整的示例,仅添加32位浮点仿真(在C语言中,未经测试,可能有错误,可能或可能不适用于异常,不支持“ NaN / s”或无穷大,不支持上溢或下溢,没有“保留尾数以减少舍入前的精度损失”,除“向零舍入”外,不支持其他舍入模式):

#define SIGN_FLAG      0x80000000U
#define EXPONENT_MASK  0x7F800000U
#define MANTISSA_MASK  0x007FFFFFU
#define IMPLIED_BIT    0x00800000U
#define OVERFLOW_BIT   0x01000000U
#define EXPONENT_ONE   0x00800000U

uint32_t add_signed(uint32_t v1, uint32_t v2) {
    if( (v1 & SIGN_FLAG) != 0) {
        if( (v2 & SIGN_FLAG) != 0) {
            // Both negative
            return SIGN_FLAG | add_unsigned(v1 & ~SIGN_FLAG, v2 & ~SIGN_FLAG);
        } else {
            // Different sign, v1 is negative
            return subtract_unsigned(v2, v1 & ~SIGN_FLAG);
        }
    } else {
        if( (v2 & SIGN_FLAG) != 0) {
            // Different sign, v2 is negative
            return subtract_unsigned(v1, v2 & ~SIGN_FLAG);
        } else {
            // Both positive
            return add_unsigned(v1, v2);
        }
    }
 }

uint32_t subtract_signed(uint32_t v1, uint32_t v2) {
    return add_signed(v1, v2 ^ SIGN_FLAG);
}

uint32_t add_unsigned(uint32_t v1, uint32_t v2) {
    // Here we know that v1 and v2 will never be negative, and
    //   we know that the result will never be negative

    if(v1 < v2) {    // WARNING: Compares both exponents and mantissas
        return add_unsigned(v2, v1);
    }

    // Here we know the exponent of v1 is not smaller than the exponent of v2

    uint32_t m1 = (v1 & MANTISSA_MASK) | IMPLIED_BIT;
    uint32_t m2 = (v2 & MANTISSA_MASK) | IMPLIED_BIT;
    uint32_t exp2 = v2 & EXPONENT_MASK;
    uint32_t expr = v1 & EXPONENT_MASK;

    while(exp2 < expr) {
        m2 >>= 1;
        exp2 += EXPONENT_ONE;
    }
    uint32_t mr = m1+m2;
    if( (mr & OVERFLOW_BIT) != 0) {
        mr >> 1;
        expr += EXPONENT_ONE;
    }
    return expr | (mr & ~IMPLIED_BIT);
}

uint32_t subtract_unsigned(uint32_t v1, uint32_t v2) {
    if(v1 == v2) {
        return 0;
    }
    if(v1 < v2) {
        return SIGN_FLAG ^ subtract_unsigned(v2, v1);
    }

    // Here we know the exponent of v1 is not smaller than the exponent of v2,
    //  and that (if exponents are equal) the mantissa of v1 is larger
    //  than the mantissa of v2; and therefore the result will be
    //  positive

    uint32_t m1 = (v1 & MANTISSA_MASK) | IMPLIED_BIT;
    uint32_t m2 = (v2 & MANTISSA_MASK) | IMPLIED_BIT;
    uint32_t exp2 = v2 & EXPONENT_MASK;
    uint32_t expr = v1 & EXPONENT_MASK;

    while(exp2 < expr) {
        m2 >>= 1;
        exp2 += EXPONENT_ONE;
    }
    uint32_t mr = m1-m2;
    while( (mr & IMPLIED_BIT) == 0) {
        mr <<= 1;
        expr -= EXPONENT_ONE;
    }
    return expr | (mr & ~IMPLIED_BIT);
}
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