在我的模型中，我有：
class Alias(MyBaseModel):
remote_image = models.URLField(max_length=500, null=True, help_text="A URL that is downloaded and cached for the image. Only
used when the alias is made")
image = models.ImageField(upload_to='alias', default='alias-default.png', help_text="An image representing the alias")
def save(self, *args, **kw):
if (not self.image or self.image.name == 'alias-default.png') and self.remote_image :
try :
data = utils.fetch(self.remote_image)
image = StringIO.StringIO(data)
image = Image.open(image)
buf = StringIO.StringIO()
image.save(buf, format='PNG')
self.image.save(hashlib.md5(self.string_id).hexdigest() + ".png", ContentFile(buf.getvalue()))
except IOError :
pass
remote_image第一次更改效果最佳。
[有人修改别名上的remote_image后，如何获取新图像？其次，还有没有更好的方法来缓存远程图像？
虽然为时已晚，但让我为这篇文章中遇到的其他人抛出这个解决方案。本质上，您想覆盖__init__的models.Model方法，以便保留原始值的副本。这样一来，您就不必进行其他数据库查找（这总是一件好事）。
class Person(models.Model):
name = models.CharField()
__original_name = None
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Person, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.__original_name = self.name
def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False, *args, **kwargs):
if self.name != self.__original_name:
# name changed - do something here
super(Person, self).save(force_insert, force_update, *args, **kwargs)
self.__original_name = self.name
您可以使用django-model-changes来执行此操作，而无需进行其他数据库查找：
from django.dispatch import receiver
from django_model_changes import ChangesMixin
class Alias(ChangesMixin, MyBaseModel):
# your model
@receiver(pre_save, sender=Alias)
def do_something_if_changed(sender, instance, **kwargs):
if 'remote_image' in instance.changes():
# do something
[另一个较晚的答案，但是如果您只是想查看是否有新文件上传到文件字段，请尝试以下操作：（改编自Christopher Adams对zach注释中链接http://zmsmith.com/2010/05/django-check-if-a-field-has-changed/的注释）]
def save(self, *args, **kw):
from django.core.files.uploadedfile import UploadedFile
if hasattr(self.image, 'file') and isinstance(self.image.file, UploadedFile) :
# Handle FileFields as special cases, because the uploaded filename could be
# the same as the filename that's already there even though there may
# be different file contents.
# if a file was just uploaded, the storage model with be UploadedFile
# Do new file stuff here
pass
这在Django 1.8中对我有效
def clean(self):
if self.cleaned_data['name'] != self.initial['name']:
# Do something
最佳解决方案可能是在保存模型实例之前不包括其他数据库读取操作，也没有任何其他django库。这就是Laffuste的解决方案更可取的原因。在管理站点的上下文中，可以简单地覆盖save_model方法，并在那里调用表单的has_changed方法，就像上面Sion的回答一样。您可以使用Sion的示例设置，但是使用“ changed_data”获得所有可能的更改，从而得到类似的结果：
class ModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
fields=['name','mode']
def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):
form.changed_data #output could be ['name']
#do somethin the changed name value...
#call the super method
super(self,ModelAdmin).save_model(request, obj, form, change)
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/contrib/admin/#django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.save_model
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/forms/api/#django.forms.Form.changed_data
虽然这实际上并不能回答您的问题，但我会以另一种方式处理。
成功保存本地副本后，只需清除remote_image字段。然后，在您的保存方法中，只要remote_image不为空，您始终可以更新图像。
如果您想保留对该URL的引用，则可以使用不可编辑的布尔字段来处理缓存标志，而不要使用remote_image字段本身。
在解决方案要覆盖目标字段类的pre_save()方法之前，我曾遇到过这种情况，仅当字段已更改时，才会调用该方法与FileField一起使用例：
class PDFField(FileField):
def pre_save(self, model_instance, add):
# do some operations on your file
# if and only if you have changed the filefield
缺点：如果您想执行任何（post_save）操作，例如在某些工作中使用创建的对象（如果某些字段已更改），则无用。
改善所有领域的@josh答案：
class Person(models.Model):
name = models.CharField()
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Person, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._original_fields = dict([(field.attname, getattr(self, field.attname))
for field in self._meta.local_fields if not isinstance(field, models.ForeignKey)])
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
if self.id:
for field in self._meta.local_fields:
if not isinstance(field, models.ForeignKey) and\
self._original_fields[field.name] != getattr(self, field.name):
# Do Something
super(Person, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
为了明确起见，getattr的工作原理是使用字符串获取person.name之类的字段（即getattr(person, "name")
我扩展了@livskiy的mixin如下：
class ModelDiffMixin(models.Model):
"""
A model mixin that tracks model fields' values and provide some useful api
to know what fields have been changed.
"""
_dict = DictField(editable=False)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(ModelDiffMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._initial = self._dict
@property
def diff(self):
d1 = self._initial
d2 = self._dict
diffs = [(k, (v, d2[k])) for k, v in d1.items() if v != d2[k]]
return dict(diffs)
@property
def has_changed(self):
return bool(self.diff)
@property
def changed_fields(self):
return self.diff.keys()
def get_field_diff(self, field_name):
"""
Returns a diff for field if it's changed and None otherwise.
"""
return self.diff.get(field_name, None)
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Saves model and set initial state.
"""
object_dict = model_to_dict(self,
fields=[field.name for field in self._meta.fields])
for field in object_dict:
# for FileFields
if issubclass(object_dict[field].__class__, FieldFile):
try:
object_dict[field] = object_dict[field].path
except :
object_dict[field] = object_dict[field].name
# TODO: add other non-serializable field types
self._dict = object_dict
super(ModelDiffMixin, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
class Meta:
abstract = True
并且DictField是：
class DictField(models.TextField):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
description = "Stores a python dict"
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(DictField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def to_python(self, value):
if not value:
value = {}
if isinstance(value, dict):
return value
return json.loads(value)
def get_prep_value(self, value):
if value is None:
return value
return json.dumps(value)
def value_to_string(self, obj):
value = self._get_val_from_obj(obj)
return self.get_db_prep_value(value)
可以通过在模型中扩展它来使用同步/迁移时，将添加一个_dict字段，该字段将存储对象的状态
如何使用David Cramer的解决方案：
http://cramer.io/2010/12/06/tracking-changes-to-fields-in-django/
我已经成功使用了它：
@track_data('name')
class Mode(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=5)
mode = models.CharField(max_length=5)
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
if self.has_changed('name'):
print 'name changed'
# OR #
@classmethod
def post_save(cls, sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
if instance.has_changed('name'):
print "Hooray!"
这里是另一种方式。
class Parameter(models.Model):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Parameter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.__original_value = self.value
def clean(self,*args,**kwargs):
if self.__original_value == self.value:
print("igual")
else:
print("distinto")
def save(self,*args,**kwargs):
self.full_clean()
return super(Parameter, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
self.__original_value = self.value
key = models.CharField(max_length=24, db_index=True, unique=True)
value = models.CharField(max_length=128)
根据文档：validating objects
“ full_clean（）执行的第二步是调用Model.clean（）。应重写此方法以对模型执行自定义验证。应使用此方法提供自定义模型验证，并根据需要修改模型上的属性。例如，您可以使用它来自动为字段提供值，或进行需要访问多个字段的验证：“
我使用以下mixin：
from django.forms.models import model_to_dict
class ModelDiffMixin(object):
"""
A model mixin that tracks model fields' values and provide some useful api
to know what fields have been changed.
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(ModelDiffMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.__initial = self._dict
@property
def diff(self):
d1 = self.__initial
d2 = self._dict
diffs = [(k, (v, d2[k])) for k, v in d1.items() if v != d2[k]]
return dict(diffs)
@property
def has_changed(self):
return bool(self.diff)
@property
def changed_fields(self):
return self.diff.keys()
def get_field_diff(self, field_name):
"""
Returns a diff for field if it's changed and None otherwise.
"""
return self.diff.get(field_name, None)
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Saves model and set initial state.
"""
super(ModelDiffMixin, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
self.__initial = self._dict
@property
def _dict(self):
return model_to_dict(self, fields=[field.name for field in
self._meta.fields])
用法：
>>> p = Place()
>>> p.has_changed
False
>>> p.changed_fields
[]
>>> p.rank = 42
>>> p.has_changed
True
>>> p.changed_fields
['rank']
>>> p.diff
{'rank': (0, 42)}
>>> p.categories = [1, 3, 5]
>>> p.diff
{'categories': (None, [1, 3, 5]), 'rank': (0, 42)}
>>> p.get_field_diff('categories')
(None, [1, 3, 5])
>>> p.get_field_diff('rank')
(0, 42)
>>>
请注意，此解决方案仅在当前请求的情况下才有效。因此，它主要适用于简单情况。在多个请求可以同时操纵同一模型实例的并发环境中，您肯定需要不同的方法。
有一个属性__dict__，它具有所有字段作为键，而值作为字段值。所以我们可以比较其中两个
只需将模型的保存功能更改为以下功能
def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False, using=None, update_fields=None):
if self.pk is not None:
initial = A.objects.get(pk=self.pk)
initial_json, final_json = initial.__dict__.copy(), self.__dict__.copy()
initial_json.pop('_state'), final_json.pop('_state')
only_changed_fields = {k: {'final_value': final_json[k], 'initial_value': initial_json[k]} for k in initial_json if final_json[k] != initial_json[k]}
print(only_changed_fields)
super(A, self).save(force_insert=False, force_update=False, using=None, update_fields=None)
class A(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True, blank=True)
senior = models.CharField(choices=choices, max_length=3)
timestamp = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False, using=None, update_fields=None):
if self.pk is not None:
initial = A.objects.get(pk=self.pk)
initial_json, final_json = initial.__dict__.copy(), self.__dict__.copy()
initial_json.pop('_state'), final_json.pop('_state')
only_changed_fields = {k: {'final_value': final_json[k], 'initial_value': initial_json[k]} for k in initial_json if final_json[k] != initial_json[k]}
print(only_changed_fields)
super(A, self).save(force_insert=False, force_update=False, using=None, update_fields=None)
仅输出那些已更改的字段的产量
{'name': {'initial_value': '1234515', 'final_value': 'nim'}, 'senior': {'initial_value': 'no', 'final_value': 'yes'}}
作为SmileyChris答案的扩展，您可以为模型添加一个datetime字段以进行last_updated，并为检查更改之前允许的最大年龄设置某种限制
@ ivanlivski的mixin很棒。
我将其扩展到
更新的代码可在此处获得：https://github.com/sknutsonsf/python-contrib/blob/master/src/django/utils/ModelDiffMixin.py
为了帮助不熟悉Python或Django的人，我将给出一个更完整的示例。此特定用法是从数据提供者处获取文件，并确保数据库中的记录反映该文件。
我的模型对象：
class Station(ModelDiffMixin.ModelDiffMixin, models.Model):
station_name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
nearby_city = models.CharField(max_length=200)
precipitation = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
# <list of many other fields>
def is_float_changed (self,v1, v2):
''' Compare two floating values to just two digit precision
Override Default precision is 5 digits
'''
return abs (round (v1 - v2, 2)) > 0.01
加载文件的类具有以下方法：
class UpdateWeather (object)
# other methods omitted
def update_stations (self, filename):
# read all existing data
all_stations = models.Station.objects.all()
self._existing_stations = {}
# insert into a collection for referencing while we check if data exists
for stn in all_stations.iterator():
self._existing_stations[stn.id] = stn
# read the file. result is array of objects in known column order
data = read_tabbed_file(filename)
# iterate rows from file and insert or update where needed
for rownum in range(sh.nrows):
self._update_row(sh.row(rownum));
# now anything remaining in the collection is no longer active
# since it was not found in the newest file
# for now, delete that record
# there should never be any of these if the file was created properly
for stn in self._existing_stations.values():
stn.delete()
self._num_deleted = self._num_deleted+1
def _update_row (self, rowdata):
stnid = int(rowdata[0].value)
name = rowdata[1].value.strip()
# skip the blank names where data source has ids with no data today
if len(name) < 1:
return
# fetch rest of fields and do sanity test
nearby_city = rowdata[2].value.strip()
precip = rowdata[3].value
if stnid in self._existing_stations:
stn = self._existing_stations[stnid]
del self._existing_stations[stnid]
is_update = True;
else:
stn = models.Station()
is_update = False;
# object is new or old, don't care here
stn.id = stnid
stn.station_name = name;
stn.nearby_city = nearby_city
stn.precipitation = precip
# many other fields updated from the file
if is_update == True:
# we use a model mixin to simplify detection of changes
# at the cost of extra memory to store the objects
if stn.has_changed == True:
self._num_updated = self._num_updated + 1;
stn.save();
else:
self._num_created = self._num_created + 1;
stn.save()
对@ivanperelivskiy的答案的修改：
@property
def _dict(self):
ret = {}
for field in self._meta.get_fields():
if isinstance(field, ForeignObjectRel):
# foreign objects might not have corresponding objects in the database.
if hasattr(self, field.get_accessor_name()):
ret[field.get_accessor_name()] = getattr(self, field.get_accessor_name())
else:
ret[field.get_accessor_name()] = None
else:
ret[field.attname] = getattr(self, field.attname)
return ret
这将使用Django 1.10的公共方法get_fields。这使代码更具前瞻性，但更重要的是还包括外键和其中editable = False的字段。
供参考，这是.fields的实现
@cached_property
def fields(self):
"""
Returns a list of all forward fields on the model and its parents,
excluding ManyToManyFields.
Private API intended only to be used by Django itself; get_fields()
combined with filtering of field properties is the public API for
obtaining this field list.
"""
# For legacy reasons, the fields property should only contain forward
# fields that are not private or with a m2m cardinality. Therefore we
# pass these three filters as filters to the generator.
# The third lambda is a longwinded way of checking f.related_model - we don't
# use that property directly because related_model is a cached property,
# and all the models may not have been loaded yet; we don't want to cache
# the string reference to the related_model.
def is_not_an_m2m_field(f):
return not (f.is_relation and f.many_to_many)
def is_not_a_generic_relation(f):
return not (f.is_relation and f.one_to_many)
def is_not_a_generic_foreign_key(f):
return not (
f.is_relation and f.many_to_one and not (hasattr(f.remote_field, 'model') and f.remote_field.model)
)
return make_immutable_fields_list(
"fields",
(f for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False)
if is_not_an_m2m_field(f) and is_not_a_generic_relation(f) and is_not_a_generic_foreign_key(f))
)
如果您不喜欢覆盖save方法，则可以这样做
model_fields = [f.name for f in YourModel._meta.get_fields()]
valid_data = {
key: new_data[key]
for key in model_fields
if key in new_data.keys()
}
for (key, value) in valid_data.items():
if getattr(instance, key) != value:
print ('Data has changed')
setattr(instance, key, value)
instance.save()
最佳方法是使用pre_save信号。当问及回答这个问题时，可能无法回到09年，但今天看到的人都应该这样：
@receiver(pre_save, sender=MyModel)
def do_something_if_changed(sender, instance, **kwargs):
try:
obj = sender.objects.get(pk=instance.pk)
except sender.DoesNotExist:
pass # Object is new, so field hasn't technically changed, but you may want to do something else here.
else:
if not obj.some_field == instance.some_field: # Field has changed
# do something
现在直接回答：一种检查字段值是否更改的方法是在保存实例之前从数据库中获取原始数据。考虑这个例子：
class MyModel(models.Model):
f1 = models.CharField(max_length=1)
def save(self, *args, **kw):
if self.pk is not None:
orig = MyModel.objects.get(pk=self.pk)
if orig.f1 != self.f1:
print 'f1 changed'
super(MyModel, self).save(*args, **kw)
使用表单时，同样的道理。您可以在ModelForm的clean或save方法中检测到它：
class MyModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
def clean(self):
cleaned_data = super(ProjectForm, self).clean()
#if self.has_changed(): # new instance or existing updated (form has data to save)
if self.instance.pk is not None: # new instance only
if self.instance.f1 != cleaned_data['f1']:
print 'f1 changed'
return cleaned_data
class Meta:
model = MyModel
exclude = []
自Django 1.8发布以来，您可以使用from_db类方法来缓存remote_image的旧值。然后，在save方法中，您可以比较字段的新旧值以检查该值是否已更改。
@classmethod
def from_db(cls, db, field_names, values):
new = super(Alias, cls).from_db(db, field_names, values)
# cache value went from the base
new._loaded_remote_image = values[field_names.index('remote_image')]
return new
def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False, using=None,
update_fields=None):
if (self._state.adding and self.remote_image) or \
(not self._state.adding and self._loaded_remote_image != self.remote_image):
# If it is first save and there is no cached remote_image but there is new one,
# or the value of remote_image has changed - do your stuff!
请注意，字段更改跟踪在django-model-utils中可用。
https://django-model-utils.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html
如果使用表单，则可以使用表单的changed_data（docs）：
class AliasForm(ModelForm):
def save(self, commit=True):
if 'remote_image' in self.changed_data:
# do things
remote_image = self.cleaned_data['remote_image']
do_things(remote_image)
super(AliasForm, self).save(commit)
class Meta:
model = Alias
我参加聚会有点晚，但我也找到了这种解决方案：Django Dirty Fields
从Django 1.8开始，有from_db方法，如Serge所述。实际上，Django文档包含此特定用例作为示例：
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/models/instances/#customizing-model-loading
下面是显示如何记录从数据库加载的字段的初始值的示例