我需要getopts的帮助。
我创建了一个Bash脚本，在运行时看起来像这样：
$ foo.sh -i env -d directory -s子目录-f文件
从每个标志处理一个参数时，它可以正常工作。但是当我从每个标志调用几个参数时，我不确定如何从getopts中的变量中提取多个变量信息。
while getopts ":i:d:s:f:" opt
do
case $opt in
i ) initial=$OPTARG;;
d ) dir=$OPTARG;;
s ) sub=$OPTARG;;
f ) files=$OPTARG;;
esac
done
抓住选项后，我想从变量构建目录结构
foo.sh -i test -d directory -s subdirectory -s subdirectory2 -f file1 file2 file3
那么目录结构就是
/test/directory/subdirectory/file1
/test/directory/subdirectory/file2
/test/directory/subdirectory/file3
/test/directory/subdirectory2/file1
/test/directory/subdirectory2/file2
/test/directory/subdirectory2/file3
有任何想法吗？
您可以多次使用相同的选项，并将所有值添加到数组中。
对于这里非常具体的原始问题，Ryan的mkdir -p解决方案显然是最好的。
但是，对于使用getopts从同一选项中获取多个值的更一般问题，这里是：
#!/bin/bash
while getopts "m:" opt; do
case $opt in
m) multi+=("$OPTARG");;
#...
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND -1))
echo "The first value of the array 'multi' is '$multi'"
echo "The whole list of values is '${multi[@]}'"
echo "Or:"
for val in "${multi[@]}"; do
echo " - $val"
done
输出将是：
$ /tmp/t
The first value of the array 'multi' is ''
The whole list of values is ''
Or:
$ /tmp/t -m "one arg with spaces"
The first value of the array 'multi' is 'one arg with spaces'
The whole list of values is 'one arg with spaces'
Or:
- one arg with spaces
$ /tmp/t -m one -m "second argument" -m three
The first value of the array 'multi' is 'one'
The whole list of values is 'one second argument three'
Or:
- one
- second argument
- three
我知道这个问题已经过时了，但我想在这里提出这个答案，以防有人来寻找答案。
像BASH这样的shell支持已经像这样递归制作目录，所以不需要真正的脚本。例如，原始海报需要以下内容：
$ foo.sh -i test -d directory -s subdirectory -s subdirectory2 -f file1 file2 file3
/test/directory/subdirectory/file1
/test/directory/subdirectory/file2
/test/directory/subdirectory/file3
/test/directory/subdirectory2/file1
/test/directory/subdirectory2/file2
/test/directory/subdirectory2/file3
使用此命令行可以轻松完成此操作：
pong:~/tmp
[10] rmclean$ mkdir -pv test/directory/{subdirectory,subdirectory2}/{file1,file2,file3}
mkdir: created directory ‘test’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory/file1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory/file2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory/file3’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file3’
甚至更短一些：
pong:~/tmp
[12] rmclean$ mkdir -pv test/directory/{subdirectory,subdirectory2}/file{1,2,3}
mkdir: created directory ‘test’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory/file1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory/file2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory/file3’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file3’
或更短，更符合：
pong:~/tmp
[14] rmclean$ mkdir -pv test/directory/subdirectory{1,2}/file{1,2,3}
mkdir: created directory ‘test’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory1/file1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory1/file2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory1/file3’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file3’
或者最后，使用序列：
pong:~/tmp
[16] rmclean$ mkdir -pv test/directory/subdirectory{1..2}/file{1..3}
mkdir: created directory ‘test’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory1/file1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory1/file2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory1/file3’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file1’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file2’
mkdir: created directory ‘test/directory/subdirectory2/file3’
getopts选项只能采用零个或一个参数。您可能希望更改接口以删除-f选项，并迭代其余的非选项参数
usage: foo.sh -i end -d dir -s subdir file [...]
所以，
while getopts ":i:d:s:" opt; do
case "$opt" in
i) initial=$OPTARG ;;
d) dir=$OPTARG ;;
s) sub=$OPTARG ;;
esac
done
shift $(( OPTIND - 1 ))
path="/$initial/$dir/$sub"
mkdir -p "$path"
for file in "$@"; do
touch "$path/$file"
done
我修复了你喜欢的相同问题：
代替：
foo.sh -i test -d directory -s subdirectory -s subdirectory2 -f file1 file2 file3
做这个：
foo.sh -i test -d directory -s "subdirectory subdirectory2" -f "file1 file2 file3"
使用空间分隔符，您可以使用基本循环运行它。这是代码：
while getopts ":i:d:s:f:" opt
do
case $opt in
i ) initial=$OPTARG;;
d ) dir=$OPTARG;;
s ) sub=$OPTARG;;
f ) files=$OPTARG;;
esac
done
for subdir in $sub;do
for file in $files;do
echo $subdir/$file
done
done
这是一个示例输出：
$ ./getopts.sh -s "testdir1 testdir2" -f "file1 file2 file3"
testdir1/file1
testdir1/file2
testdir1/file3
testdir2/file1
testdir2/file2
testdir2/file3
如果要为选项指定任意数量的值，可以使用简单循环查找它们并将它们填充到数组中。例如，让我们修改OP的示例以允许任意数量的-s参数：
unset -v sub
while getopts ":i:d:s:f:" opt
do
case $opt in
i ) initial=$OPTARG;;
d ) dir=$OPTARG;;
s ) sub=("$OPTARG")
until [[ $(eval "echo \${$OPTIND}") =~ ^-.* ]] || [ -z $(eval "echo \${$OPTIND}") ]; do
sub+=($(eval "echo \${$OPTIND}"))
OPTIND=$((OPTIND + 1))
done
;;
f ) files=$OPTARG;;
esac
done
这将获取第一个参数（$ OPTARG）并将其放入数组$ sub中。然后它将继续搜索剩余的参数，直到它遇到另一个虚线参数或者没有更多的参数要评估。如果它找到更多不是虚线参数的参数，它会将它添加到$ sub数组并突破$ OPTIND变量。
所以在OP的例子中，可以运行以下命令：
foo.sh -i test -d directory -s subdirectory1 subdirectory2 -f file1
如果我们将这些行添加到脚本中以演示：
echo ${sub[@]}
echo ${sub[1]}
echo $files
输出将是：
subdirectory1 subdirectory2
subdirectory2
file1
实际上有一种方法可以使用getopts检索多个参数，但它需要使用getopts'OPTIND变量进行一些手动黑客攻击。
请参阅以下脚本（转载如下）：https://gist.github.com/achalddave/290f7fcad89a0d7c3719。可能有一种更简单的方法，但这是我能找到的最快捷方式。
#!/bin/sh
usage() {
cat << EOF
$0 -a <a1> <a2> <a3> [-b] <b1> [-c]
-a First flag; takes in 3 arguments
-b Second flag; takes in 1 argument
-c Third flag; takes in no arguments
EOF
}
is_flag() {
# Check if $1 is a flag; e.g. "-b"
[[ "$1" =~ -.* ]] && return 0 || return 1
}
# Note:
# For a, we fool getopts into thinking a doesn't take in an argument
# For b, we can just use getopts normal behavior to take in an argument
while getopts "ab:c" opt ; do
case "${opt}" in
a)
# This is the tricky part.
# $OPTIND has the index of the _next_ parameter; so "\${$((OPTIND))}"
# will give us, e.g., ${2}. Use eval to get the value in ${2}.
# The {} are needed in general for the possible case of multiple digits.
eval "a1=\${$((OPTIND))}"
eval "a2=\${$((OPTIND+1))}"
eval "a3=\${$((OPTIND+2))}"
# Note: We need to check that we're still in bounds, and that
# a1,a2,a3 aren't flags. e.g.
# ./getopts-multiple.sh -a 1 2 -b
# should error, and not set a3 to be -b.
if [ $((OPTIND+2)) -gt $# ] || is_flag "$a1" || is_flag "$a2" || is_flag "$a3"
then
usage
echo
echo "-a requires 3 arguments!"
exit
fi
echo "-a has arguments $a1, $a2, $a3"
# "shift" getopts' index
OPTIND=$((OPTIND+3))
;;
b)
# Can get the argument from getopts directly
echo "-b has argument $OPTARG"
;;
c)
# No arguments, life goes on
echo "-c"
;;
esac
done
最初的问题涉及getopts，但还有另一种解决方案，它提供了更灵活的功能而没有getopts（这可能有点冗长，但提供了更灵活的命令行界面）。这是一个例子：
while [[ $# > 0 ]]
do
key="$1"
case $key in
-f|--foo)
nextArg="$2"
while ! [[ "$nextArg" =~ -.* ]] && [[ $# > 1 ]]; do
case $nextArg in
bar)
echo "--foo bar found!"
;;
baz)
echo "--foo baz found!"
;;
*)
echo "$key $nextArg found!"
;;
esac
if ! [[ "$2" =~ -.* ]]; then
shift
nextArg="$2"
else
shift
break
fi
done
;;
-b|--bar)
nextArg="$2"
while ! [[ "$nextArg" =~ -.* ]] && [[ $# > 1 ]]; do
case $nextArg in
foo)
echo "--bar foo found!"
;;
baz)
echo "--bar baz found!"
;;
*)
echo "$key $nextArg found!"
;;
esac
if ! [[ "$2" =~ -.* ]]; then
shift
nextArg="$2"
else
shift
break
fi
done
;;
-z|--baz)
nextArg="$2"
while ! [[ "$nextArg" =~ -.* ]] && [[ $# > 1 ]]; do
echo "Doing some random task with $key $nextArg"
if ! [[ "$2" =~ -.* ]]; then
shift
nextArg="$2"
else
shift
break
fi
done
;;
*)
echo "Unknown flag $key"
;;
esac
shift
done
在这个例子中，我们循环遍历所有命令行选项，寻找与我们接受的命令行标志匹配的参数（例如-f或-foo）。一旦找到标志，我们就会遍历每个参数，直到我们用完参数或遇到另一个标志。这会让我们回到我们的外循环中，它只处理标志。
使用此设置，以下命令是等效的：
script -f foo bar baz
script -f foo -f bar -f baz
script --foo foo -f bar baz
script --foo foo bar -f baz
您还可以解析令人难以置信的无组织参数集，例如：
script -f baz derp --baz herp -z derp -b foo --foo bar -q llama --bar fight
要获得输出：
--foo baz found!
-f derp found!
Doing some random task with --baz herp
Doing some random task with -z derp
--bar foo found!
--foo bar found!
Unknown flag -q
Unknown flag llama
--bar fight found!
因为您没有展示您希望如何构建列表
/test/directory/subdirectory/file1
. . .
test/directory/subdirectory2/file3
它有点不清楚如何继续，但基本上你需要继续将任何新值附加到适当的变量，即
case $opt in
d ) dirList="${dirList} $OPTARG" ;;
esac
请注意，在第一次传递时，dir将为空，并且您将在${dirList}的最终值的距离处找到一个空格。 （如果你真的需要不包含任何额外空格的代码，无论是正面还是背面，都有一个我可以告诉你的命令，但它很难理解，而且你似乎不需要它，但是让我知道）
然后，您可以将列表变量包装在for循环中以发出所有值，即
for dir in ${dirList} do
for f in ${fileList} ; do
echo $dir/$f
done
done
最后，将“陷阱”任何未知输入“捕获”到您的案例陈述被认为是良好做法，即
case $opt in
i ) initial=$OPTARG;;
d ) dir=$OPTARG;;
s ) sub=$OPTARG;;
f ) files=$OPTARG;;
* )
printf "unknown flag supplied "${OPTARG}\nUsageMessageGoesHere\n"
exit 1
;;
esac
我希望这有帮助。
#!/bin/bash
myname=$(basename "$0")
# help function
help () { cat <<EOP
$myname: -c cluster [...] -a action [...] -i instance [...]
EOP
}
# parse sub options
get_opts () {
rs='' && rc=0 # return string and return code
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
shift
[[ "$1" =~ -.* ]] && break || rs="$rs $1" && rc=$((rc + 1))
done
echo "$rs"
}
#parse entire command-line
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
case $1 in
"-a") ACTS="$(get_opts $@)"
;;
"-i") INSTS=$(get_opts $@)
;;
"-c") CLUSTERS=$(get_opts $@)
;;
"-h") help
;;
?) echo "sorry, I dont do $1"
exit
;;
esac
shift
done