使用两个不同的装饰器实现装饰所有类方法的元类

Question

我在我编写的此元类装饰器上应用装饰器的实现时遇到问题：

def decorateAll(decorator):
    class MetaClassDecorator(type):

        def __new__(meta, classname, supers, classdict):
            for name, elem in classdict.items():
                if type(elem) is FunctionType:
                    classdict[name] = decorator(classdict[name])
            return type.__new__(meta, classname, supers, classdict)
    return MetaClassDecorator

这是我使用元类的类：

class Account(object, metaclass=decorateAll(Counter)):

    def __init__(self, initial_amount):
        self.amount = initial_amount

    def withdraw(self, towithdraw):
        self.amount -= towithdraw

    def deposit(self, todeposit):
        self.amount += todeposit

    def balance(self):
        return self.amount

当我将如下实现的装饰器传递给装饰元类时，一切似乎都很好用：

def Counter(fun):
    fun.count = 0
    def wrapper(*args):
        fun.count += 1
        print("{0} Executed {1} times".format(fun.__name__, fun.count))
        return fun(*args)
    return wrapper

但是当我使用以这种方式实现的装饰器时：

class Counter():

    def __init__(self, fun):
        self.fun = fun
        self.count = 0

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("args:", self, *args, **kwargs)
        self.count += 1
        print("{0} Executed {1} times".format(self.fun.__name__, self.count))
        return self.fun(*args, **kwargs)

我收到此错误：

line 32, in __call__
return self.fun(*args, **kwargs)
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'initial_amount'

为什么？将两个装饰器实现与其他函数一起使用不会显示出问题。我认为问题与我要装饰的方法是类方法有关。我想念什么吗？

Answer 1

您需要将Counter实现为可调用的描述符。在描述符上执行__get__时，可以模拟将描述符绑定到传递给它的实例。还要存储每个方法/对象的计数。

此代码：

import collections
import functools
import types


def decorateAll(decorator):
    class MetaClassDecorator(type):

        def __new__(meta, classname, supers, classdict):
            for name, elem in classdict.items():
                if type(elem) is types.FunctionType:
                    classdict[name] = decorator(classdict[name])
            return type.__new__(meta, classname, supers, classdict)
    return MetaClassDecorator


class Counter(object):
    def __init__(self, fun):
        self.fun = fun
        self.cache = {None: self}
        self.count = collections.defaultdict(int)

    def __get__(self, obj, cls=None):
        if obj is None:
            return self

        try:
            return self.cache[obj]
        except KeyError:
            pass

        print('Binding {} and {}'.format(self.fun, obj))
        cex = self.cache[obj] = functools.partial(self.__call__, obj)
        return cex

    def __call__(self, obj, *args, **kwargs):
        print("args:", obj, *args, **kwargs)
        self.count[obj] += 1
        print("{0} Exec {1} times".format(self.fun.__name__, self.count[obj]))
        return self.fun(obj, *args, **kwargs)


class Account(object, metaclass=decorateAll(Counter)):

    def __init__(self, initial_amount):
        self.amount = initial_amount

    def withdraw(self, towithdraw):
        self.amount -= towithdraw

    def deposit(self, todeposit):
        self.amount += todeposit

    def balance(self):
        return self.amount


a = Account(33.5)

print(a.balance())

产生以下输出：

Binding <function Account.__init__ at 0x000002250BCD8B70> and <__main__.Account object at 0x000002250BCE8BE0>
args: <__main__.Account object at 0x000002250BCE8BE0> 33.5
__init__ Exec 1 times
Binding <function Account.balance at 0x000002250BCD8D90> and <__main__.Account object at 0x000002250BCE8BE0>
args: <__main__.Account object at 0x000002250BCE8BE0>
balance Exec 1 times
33.5

[调用描述符的__call__方法，通过模拟创建functools.partial类型的对象的绑定来存储每个方法的计数。