我有两个不相关的表具有相同的主键。
ip mac
11.11.11.11 48-C0-09-1F-9B-54
33.33.33.33 4E-10-A3-BC-B8-9D
44.44.44.44 CD-00-60-08-56-2A
55.55.55.55 23-CE-D3-B1-39-A6
ip type owner
22.22.22.22 laptop John Doe
33.33.33.33 server XYZ Department
44.44.44.44 VM Mary Smith
66.66.66.66 printer ZWV Department
第一个表每分钟自动刷新一次。我无法更改数据库结构或填充它的脚本。
两个表都有ip作为PRIMARY KEY。
在一个视图中，我想显示一个这样的表：
ip mac type owner Alert
11.11.11.11 48-C0-09-1F-9B-54 Unauthorized
55.55.55.55 23-CE-D3-B1-39-A6 Unauthorized
22.22.22.22 laptop John Doe Down
66.66.66.66 printer ZWV Department Down
33.33.33.33 4E-10-A3-BC-B8-9D server XYZ Department OK
44.44.44.44 CD-00-60-08-56-2A VM Mary Smith OK
我该如何建模呢？我应该将两个主键中的一个作为另一个的外键吗？
一旦代码运行，将会有大量数据，所以我想确保它足够快。
检索数据的最快方法是什么？
更新：
我尝试使用OneToOneField作为第二张桌子。
这有助于我获取两个表中的记录，以及未授权设备的记录（第二个表中缺少的IP）：
ip mac type owner Alert
11.11.11.11 48-C0-09-1F-9B-54 Unauthorized
55.55.55.55 23-CE-D3-B1-39-A6 Unauthorized
33.33.33.33 4E-10-A3-BC-B8-9D server XYZ Department OK
44.44.44.44 CD-00-60-08-56-2A VM Mary Smith OK
但我无法得到关闭的设备（第一个表中缺少IP）：
22.22.22.22 laptop John Doe Down
66.66.66.66 printer ZWV Department Down
我请求帮助here，但似乎无法用OneToOneField完成
你可以使用qs.union：
class Meta: managed = Falsefrom django.db import models
from django.db.models import F, OuterRef, Subquery, Value
from django.db.models.functions import Coalesce
# OperationalDevice fields: ip, mac
# AllowedDevice fields: ip, type, owner
USE_EMPTY_STR_AS_DEFAULT = True
null_char_field = models.CharField(null=True)
if USE_EMPTY_STR_AS_DEFAULT:
default_value = ''
else:
default_value = None
# By default Expressions treat strings as "field_name" so if you want to use
# empty string as a second argument for Coalesce, then you should wrap it in
# `Value()`.
# `None` can be used there without wrapping in `Value()`, but in
# `.annotate(type=NoneValue)` it still should be wrapped, so it's easier to
# just "always wrap".
default_value = Value(default_value, output_field=null_char_field)
operational_devices_subquery = OperationalDevice.objects.filter(ip=OuterRef('ip'))
qs1 = (
AllowedDevice.objects
.all()
.annotate(
mac=Coalesce(
Subquery(operational_devices_subquery.values('mac')[:1]),
default_value,
output_field=null_char_field,
),
)
)
qs2 = (
OperationalDevice.objects
.exclude(
ip__in=qs1.values('ip'),
)
.annotate(
type=default_value,
owner=default_value,
)
)
final_qs = qs1.union(qs2)
更复杂但“普遍”的方法可能会使用Model._meta.get_fields()。对于“第二”模型具有更多1个额外字段（不仅仅是ip,mac）的情况，它将更容易使用。示例代码（未经过测试，但给出了总体印象）：
# One more import:
from django.db.models.fields import NOT_PROVIDED
common_field_name = 'ip'
# OperationalDevice fields: ip, mac, some_more_fields ...
# AllowedDevice fields: ip, type, owner
operational_device_fields = OperationalDevice._meta.get_fields()
operational_device_fields_names = {_f.name for _f in operational_device_fields} # or set((_f.name for ...))
allowed_device_fields = AllowedDevice._meta.get_fields()
allowed_device_fields_names = {_f.name for _f in allowed_device_fields} # or set((_f.name for ...))
operational_devices_subquery = OperationalDevice.objects.filter(ip=OuterRef(common_field_name))
left_joined_qs = ( # "Kind-of". Assuming AllowedDevice to be "left" and OperationalDevice to be "right"
AllowedDevice.objects
.all()
.annotate(
**{
_f.name: Coalesce(
Subquery(operational_devices_subquery.values(_f.name)[1]),
Value(_f.get_default()), # Use defaults from model definition
output_field=_f,
)
for _f in operational_device_fields
if _f.name not in allowed_device_fields_names
# NOTE: if fields other than `ip` "overlap", then you might consider
# changing logic here. Current implementation keeps fields from the
# AllowedDevice
}
# Unpacked dict is partially equivalent to this:
# mac=Coalesce(
# Subquery(operational_devices_subquery.values('mac')[:1]),
# default_for_mac_eg_fallback_text_value,
# output_field=null_char_field,
# ),
# other_field = Coalesce(...),
# ...
)
)
lonely_right_rows_qs = (
OperationalDevice.objects
.exclude(
ip__in=AllowedDevice.objects.all().values(common_field_name),
)
.annotate(
**{
_f.name: Value(_f.get_default(), output_field=_f), # Use defaults from model definition
for _f in allowed_device_fields
if _f.name not in operational_device_fields_names
# NOTE: See previous NOTE
}
)
)
final_qs = left_joined_qs.union(lonely_right_rows_qs)
从理论上讲，你可以使用device_info = models.OneToOneField(OperationalDevice, db_column='ip', primary_key=True, related_name='status_info')：在AllowedDevice。在这种情况下，您可以在不使用Subquery的情况下定义您的第一个QS：
from django.db.models import F
# Now 'ip' is not in field names ('device_info' is there), so add it:
allowed_device_fields_names.add(common_field_name)
# NOTE: I think this approach will result in a more compact SQL query without
# multiple `(SELECT "some_field" FROM device_info_table ... ) as "some-field"`.
# This also might result in better query performance.
honest_join_qs = (
AllowedDevice.objects
.all()
.annotate(
**{
_f.name: F(f'device_info__{_f.name}')
for _f in operational_device_fields
if _f.name not in allowed_device_fields_names
}
)
)
final_qs = honest_join_qs.union(lonely_right_rows_qs)
# or:
# final_qs = honest_join_qs.union(
# OperationalDevice.objects.filter(status_info__isnull=True).annotate(**missing_fields_annotation)
# )
# I'm not sure which approach is better performance-wise...
# Commented one will use something like:
# `SELECT ... FROM "device_info_table" LEFT OUTER JOIN "status_info_table" ON ("device_info_table"."ip" = "status_info_table"."ip") WHERE "status_info_table"."ip" IS NULL
#
# So it might be a little better than first with `union(QS.exclude(ip__in=honest_join_qs.values('ip'))`.
# Because later uses SQL like this:
# `SELECT ... FROM "device_info_table" WHERE NOT ip IN (SELECT ip FROM "status_info_table")`
#
# But it's better to measure timings of both approaches to be sure.
# @GrannyAching, can you compare them and tell in the comments which one is better ?
附：要自动化模型定义，您可以使用manage.py inspectdb
P.P.S.也许multi-table inheritance与自定义OneToOneField(..., parent_link=True)可能比使用union更有帮助。
由于ip是主键，第一个表经常更新，我建议更新第二个表并转换第二个表中的ip，使第一个表的ip为OneToOneField。
这就是你的模型应该是这样的：
class ModelA(models.Model):
ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(unique=True)
mac = models.CharField(max_length=17, null=True, blank=True)
class ModelB(models.Model):
ip = models.OneToOneField(ModelA)
type = models.CharField()
owner = models.CharField()
您还可以使用单独的列来建立一对一关系：
class ModelB(models.Model):
ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(unique=True)
type = models.CharField()
owner = models.CharField()
modelA = models.OneToOneField(ModelA)
所以现在你可以将ip地址作为主键，你仍然可以使用字段ModelA来引用表modelA。
从两个表中的某个表中获取值后，只需查询另一个表，查找id。由于这两个表是分开的，因此您必须执行额外的查询。您不需要创建显式关系，因为您正在查看其“id / ip”。因此，一旦你有一个名为'first_object'的第一个值，只需查看它与另一个表的相对性。
other_columns = ModelB.objects.get(id=first_object.id)
然后，如果您只想将所需列“添加”到另一个模型，并将单个对象发送到您想要的任何内容：
first_object.attr1 = other_columns.attr1
...