我正在学习C++。
coutstd::ostream我仍然可以使用
printfstd::ostreamstd::formatprintfstd::cout << std::format("The answer is {}.\n", 42);
除了{fmt}库之外，
std::formatprintfmt::print("The answer is {}.\n", 42);
免责声明：我是 {fmt} 和 C++20 的作者
std::format直接使用
std::ostream<<int i = 0;
std::cout << "this is a number: " << i;
还有各种 IO 操纵器，可用于影响整数、浮点数等的格式、位数等。
但是，这与
printfprintfprintf就提供
printfboost::formatstd::cout << boost::format("writing %1%, x=%2% : %3%-th try") % "toto" % 40.23 % 50;
另请注意，在标准的未来版本中存在包含printf
样式格式的提案。如果这一点被接受，则可能会出现如下语法：
std::cout << std::putf("this is a number: %d\n",i);
这是我已经习惯的习语。希望有帮助：
// Hacky but idiomatic printf style syntax with c++ <<
#include <cstdlib> // for sprintf
char buf[1024]; sprintf(buf, "%d score and %d years ago", 4, 7);
cout << string(buf) <<endl;
&
我建议使用 ostringstream 而不是 ostream 请参阅以下示例：
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include "CppUnitTest.h"
#define _CRT_NO_VA_START_VALIDATION
std::string format(const std::string& format, ...)
{
va_list args;
va_start(args, format);
size_t len = std::vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format.c_str(), args);
va_end(args);
std::vector<char> vec(len + 1);
va_start(args, format);
std::vsnprintf(&vec[0], len + 1, format.c_str(), args);
va_end(args);
return &vec[0];
}
用法示例：
std::ostringstream ss;
ss << format("%s => %d", "Version", Version) << std::endl;
Logger::WriteMessage(ss.str().c_str()); // write to unit test output
std::cout << ss.str() << std::endl; // write to standard output
要实现 printf，可以使用 c++11 模板参数：
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
inline std::ostream & mprintf(std::ostream & ostr, const char * fstr) throw()
{
return ostr << fstr;
}
template<typename T, typename... Args>
std::ostream & mprintf(std::ostream & ostr,
const char * fstr, const T & x) throw()
{
size_t i=0;
char c = fstr[0];
while (c != '%')
{
if(c == 0) return ostr; // string is finished
ostr << c;
c = fstr[++i];
};
c = fstr[++i];
ostr << x;
if(c==0) return ostr; //
// print the rest of the stirng
ostr << &fstr[++i];
return ostr;
}
template<typename T, typename... Args>
std::ostream & mprintf(std::ostream & ostr,
const char * fstr, const T & x, Args... args) throw()
{
size_t i=0;
char c = fstr[0];
while (c != '%')
{
if(c == 0) return ostr; // string is finished
ostr << c;
c = fstr[++i];
};
c = fstr[++i];
ostr << x;
if(c==0) return ostr; // string is finished
return mprintf(ostr, &fstr[++i], args...);
}
int main()
{
int c = 50*6;
double a = 34./67.;
std::string q = "Hello!";
// put only two arguments
// the symbol after % does not matter at all
mprintf(std::cout, "%f + %f = %a \n", c, a);
// print string object: for real printf one should write q.c_str()
mprintf(std::cout, "message: \"%s\". \n", q);
// the last argument will be ignored
mprintf(std::cout, "%z + %f\n", (long)a, 12, 544 );
}
输出
300 + 2 = %a
message: "Hello!".
2 + 12
这是一个非常简单的代码，可以改进。
1）优点是它使用<< to print objects to the stream, so you can put arbitrary arguments that can be output via <<.
2）它忽略格式化字符串中参数的类型：％后面可以代表任意符号，甚至是空格。输出流决定如何打印相应的对象。它还与 printf 兼容。
3）缺点是不能打印百分号'%'，需要稍微改进一下代码。
4) 无法打印格式化数字，如 %4.5f
5）如果参数的数量少于格式化字符串的预测，则该函数仅打印字符串的其余部分。
6）如果参数数量大于格式化字符串预测的数量，则忽略剩余参数
可以改进代码以使 2)-6) 完全模仿 printf 行为。 然而，如果您遵循 printf 的规则，那么基本上只需要修复 3) 和 4)。
我独立撰写，但得出了类似于user3283405的答案
我的解决方案使用 vasprintf() 来实现格式化，并使用 << of std::ostream to free the memory in right place.
的运算符重载用途：
std::cout << putf(const char *format, ...); //Same format as C printf(3)
代码：
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <cstdarg>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
struct putf_r{
char *s;
};
putf_r putf(const char *fmt, ...){
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt);
putf_r a;
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-nonliteral"
vasprintf(&a.s, fmt, ap);
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
va_end(ap);
return a;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, putf_r a){
os<<a.s;
free(a.s);
return os;
}
int main(){
std::cout << putf("%3d\n", 23) << putf("%a\n", 256.);
}
请注意，编译器不会检查 putf() 内部的格式，因此编译器标志 -Wformat-nonliteral 不会对 putf() 中的可疑代码发出警告，您需要自行处理不受控制的格式字符串问题。
详细信息可以在GitHub
字段宽度
设置字段宽度非常简单。对于每个变量，只需在其前面加上“setw(n)”即可。像这样：
#include <iostream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; int main() { const int max = 12; const int width = 6; for(int row = 1; row <= max; row++) { for(int col = 1; col <= max; col++) { cout << setw(width) << row * col; } cout << endl; } return 0; }注意“setw(n)”如何控制字段宽度，因此每个数字都是 打印在保持相同宽度的字段内，无论 数字本身的宽度。
-- 来自 “编程/C++ 教程”，作者：P. Lutus。
输出示例：
2017-12-20T16:24:47,604144+01:00 Hello, World!
代码（在 put_timestamp 中演示了 put_printf 的用法）：
#include <assert.h>
#include <chrono>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
class put_printf {
static constexpr size_t failed = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); // for any explicit error handling
size_t stream_size; // excluding '\0'; on error set to 0 or to "failed"
char buf_stack[2048+1]; // MAY be any size that fits on the stack (even 0), SHOULD be (just) large enough for most uses (including '\0')
std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf_heap; // only used if the output doesn't fit in buf_stack
public:
explicit put_printf(const char *format, ...)
#if __GNUC__
__attribute__ ((format (printf, 2, 3))) // most compelling reason for not using a variadic template; parameter 1 is implied "this"
#endif
{
va_list args;
va_start(args, format);
const int res = vsnprintf(buf_stack, sizeof(buf_stack), format, args);
va_end(args);
if (res < 0) { // easily provoked, e.g., with "%02147483646i\n", i.e., more than INT_MAX-1 significant characters (only observed, no guarantee seen)
stream_size = failed;
} else if (res < sizeof(buf_stack)) { // preferred path
stream_size = res;
} else { // not artificially constrained
try {
const size_t buf_size = static_cast<size_t>(res) + 1; // avoids relying on "res < INT_MAX" (only observed, no guarantee seen)
buf_heap.reset(new char[buf_size]); // observed to work even beyond INT_MAX=2^32-1 bytes
va_start(args, format);
if (vsnprintf(buf_heap.get(), buf_size, format, args) == res) stream_size = res;
else stream_size = failed; // can't happen
va_end(args);
} catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { // insufficient free heap space (or an environment-specific constraint?)
stream_size = failed;
}
}
}
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const put_printf& self) {
if (self.stream_size == failed) {
// (placeholder for any explicit error handling)
return os;
} else {
// using write() rather than operator<<() to avoid a separate scan for '\0' or unintentional truncation at any internal '\0' character
return os.write((self.buf_heap ? self.buf_heap.get() : self.buf_stack), self.stream_size);
}
}
};
class put_timestamp {
const bool basic = false;
const bool local = true;
public:
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const put_timestamp& self) {
const auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
const std::time_t now_time_t = std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(now);
struct tm tm; if ((self.local ? localtime_r(&now_time_t, &tm) : gmtime_r(&now_time_t, &tm)) == nullptr) return os; // TODO: explicit error handling?
static_assert(4 <= sizeof(int), "");
const int microseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(now.time_since_epoch() % std::chrono::seconds(1)).count();
assert(0 <= microseconds && microseconds < 1000000); // TODO: (how) do we know?
// TODO: doesn't "point" in "decimal_point()" imply "dot"/"full stop"/"period", unlike an obviously neutral term like "mark"/"separator"/"sign"?
const char decimal_sign = std::use_facet<std::numpunct<char>>(os.getloc()).decimal_point() == '.' ? '.' : ','; // full stop accepted, comma preferred
// TODO: all well and good for a locale-specific decimal sign, but couldn't the locale also upset microseconds formatting by grouping digits?
os << std::put_time(&tm, self.basic ? "%Y%m%dT%H%M%S" : "%FT%T") << put_printf("%c%06i", decimal_sign, microseconds);
if (! self.local) return os << "Z";
const int tz_minutes = std::abs(static_cast<int>(tm.tm_gmtoff)) / 60;
return os << put_printf(self.basic ? "%c%02i%02i" : "%c%02i:%02i", 0 <= tm.tm_gmtoff ? '+' : '-', tz_minutes / 60, tz_minutes % 60);
}
};
int main() {
// testing decimal sign
///std::cout.imbue(std::locale("en_GB"));
///std::cout.imbue(std::locale("fr_FR"));
std::cout << put_timestamp() << " Hello, World!\n";
#if 0
typedef put_printf pf; // just to demo local abbreviation
std::cout << "1: " << pf("%02147483646i\n" , 1 ) << std::endl; // res < 0
std::cout << "2: " << pf("%02147483643i%i\n", 1, 100) << std::endl; // res < 0
std::cout << "3: " << pf("%02147483643i%i\n", 1, 10) << std::endl; // works
std::cout << "4: " << pf("%02147483646i" , 1 ) << std::endl; // works
#endif
return 0;
}
关于 put_printf 的评论：
// Reasons for the name "put_printf" (and not "putf" after all):
// - put_printf is self-documenting, while using the naming pattern also seen in std::put_time;
// - it is not clear whether the proposed std::putf would support exactly the same format syntax;
// - it has a niche purpose, so a longer name is not an objection, and for frequent local uses
// it is easy enough to declare an even shorter "typedef put_printf pf;" or so.
// Evaluation of delegating to vsnprintf() with intermediate buffer:
// (+) identical result without implementation and/or maintenance issues,
// (?) succeeds or fails as a whole, no output of successful prefix before point of failure
// (-) (total output size limited to INT_MAX-1)
// (-) overhead (TODO: optimal buf_stack size considering cache and VM page locality?)
// Error handling (an STL design problem?):
// - std::cout.setstate(std::ios_base::failbit) discards further std::cout output (stdout still works),
// so, to be aware of an error in business logic yet keep on trucking in diagnostics,
// should there be separate classes, or a possibility to plug in an error handler, or what?
// - should the basic or default error handling print a diagnostic message? throw an exception?
// TODO: could a function "int ostream_printf(std::ostream& os, const char *format, ...)"
// first try to write directly into os.rdbuf() before using buf_stack and buf_heap,
// and would that significantly improve performance or not?
当我既需要 cout 的类型安全性又需要 printf() 简单变量的快速轻松格式化时，我会像这样混合两者。这是一个丑陋的修复，但当我需要输出诸如“02/07/2014 10:05am”之类的内容以及一些更复杂的实体时，它可以为我完成工作：
#include <stdio>
#include <stdarg>
#include <stdlib>
#include <iostream>
#pragma hdrstop
using namespace std;
char* print(char* fmt, ...)
{
static char buffer[80] = "";
va_list argptr;
va_start(argptr,fmt);
vsprintf(buffer, fmt, argptr);
va_end(argptr);
return buffer;
}
#pragma argsused
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
cout << print("\n%06d\n%6d\n%6d\n%010.3f",1,12,123,123.456);
system("PAUSE>NUL");
return 0;
}