表达必须有一流的类型

Question

我have't用C ++编写了一段时间，我卡住了，当我试图编译这个简单的代码片段：

class A
{
  public:
    void f() {}
};

int main()
{
  {
    A a;
    a.f(); // works fine
  }

  {
    A *a = new A();
    a.f(); // this doesn't
  }
}

Answer 1

这是一个指针，所以不是尝试：

a->f();

基本上，操作者.（用于访问对象的字段和方法）用于对象和引用，所以：

A a;
a.f();
A& ref = a;
ref.f();

如果你有一个指针类型，你必须取消对它的引用首批获得一个参考：

A* ptr = new A();
(*ptr).f();
ptr->f();

该a->b符号通常只是用于(*a).b的简写。

A note on smart pointers

的operator->可以被重载，这是值得注意的是使用智能指针。当you're using smart pointers，那么你也可以使用->指尖锐的物体：

auto ptr = make_unique<A>();
ptr->f();

Answer 2

允许进行分析。

#include <iostream>   // not #include "iostream"
using namespace std;  // in this case okay, but never do that in header files

class A
{
 public:
  void f() { cout<<"f()\n"; }
};

int main()
{
 /*
 // A a; //this works
 A *a = new A(); //this doesn't
 a.f(); // "f has not been declared"
 */ // below


 // system("pause");  <-- Don't do this. It is non-portable code. I guess your 
 //                       teacher told you this?
 //                       Better: In your IDE there is prolly an option somewhere
 //                               to not close the terminal/console-window.
 //                       If you compile on a CLI, it is not needed at all.
}

作为一般的建议：

0) Prefer automatic variables
  int a;
  MyClass myInstance;
  std::vector<int> myIntVector;

1) If you need data sharing on big objects down 
   the call hierarchy, prefer references:

  void foo (std::vector<int> const &input) {...}
  void bar () { 
       std::vector<int> something;
       ...
       foo (something);
  }


2) If you need data sharing up the call hierarchy, prefer smart-pointers
   that automatically manage deletion and reference counting.

3) If you need an array, use std::vector<> instead in most cases.
   std::vector<> is ought to be the one default container.

4) I've yet to find a good reason for blank pointers.

   -> Hard to get right exception safe

       class Foo {
           Foo () : a(new int[512]), b(new int[512]) {}
           ~Foo() {
               delete [] b;
               delete [] a;
           }
       };

       -> if the second new[] fails, Foo leaks memory, because the
          destructor is never called. Avoid this easily by using 
          one of the standard containers, like std::vector, or
          smart-pointers.

作为一个经验法则：如果你需要在自己的管理内存，一般是superiour经理或替代现有则已，一后面的RAII原则。

Answer 3

摘要：与其a.f();应该a->f();

在主要已经定义了一个作为指针到对象A的，这样就可以访问使用->操作者的功能。

可替换，但不可读的方式是(*a).f()

a.f()本来是用来访问F（），如果被声明为：A a;

Answer 4

a是一个指针。您需要use->，不.