我希望使用我的shell脚本调用多种形式的命令行选项。
我知道可以使用getopts
,但就像在Perl中一样,我无法对shell做同样的事情。
关于如何做到这一点的任何想法,以便我可以使用如下选项:
./shell.sh --copyfile abc.pl /tmp/
./shell.sh -c abc.pl /tmp/
在上面,两个命令对我的shell意味着相同的东西,但使用getopts
,我还没有能够实现这些?
可以考虑三种实现:
getopts
。这不支持带有双短划线前缀的长选项名称。它仅支持单字符选项。getopt
命令(这是MacOS使用的)。这也不支持长选项。getopt
。 GNU getopt(3)
(在Linux上由命令行getopt(1)
使用)支持解析长选项。其他一些答案显示了使用bash内置getopts
来模拟长选项的解决方案。该解决方案实际上是一个短的选项,其字符是“ - ”。所以你得到“ - ”作为旗帜。然后,随后的任何内容都会成为OPTARG,并使用嵌套的case
测试OPTARG。
这很聪明,但它带有警告:
getopts
无法执行opt规范。如果用户提供无效选项,则无法返回错误。在解析OPTARG时,您必须自己进行错误检查。因此,尽管可以编写更多代码来解决缺乏对长选项的支持的问题,但这需要做更多工作,并且部分地违背了使用getopt解析器来简化代码的目的。
我有点解决这个问题:
# A string with command options
options=$@
# An array with all the arguments
arguments=($options)
# Loop index
index=0
for argument in $options
do
# Incrementing index
index=`expr $index + 1`
# The conditions
case $argument in
-a) echo "key $argument value ${arguments[index]}" ;;
-abc) echo "key $argument value ${arguments[index]}" ;;
esac
done
exit;
我愚蠢还是什么? getopt
和getopts
令人困惑。
如果你不想要getopt
依赖,你可以这样做:
while test $# -gt 0
do
case $1 in
# Normal option processing
-h | --help)
# usage and help
;;
-v | --version)
# version info
;;
# ...
# Special cases
--)
break
;;
--*)
# error unknown (long) option $1
;;
-?)
# error unknown (short) option $1
;;
# FUN STUFF HERE:
# Split apart combined short options
-*)
split=$1
shift
set -- $(echo "$split" | cut -c 2- | sed 's/./-& /g') "$@"
continue
;;
# Done with options
*)
break
;;
esac
# for testing purposes:
echo "$1"
shift
done
当然,那么你不能在一个短划线上使用长样式选项。如果你想添加缩短的版本(例如--verbos而不是--verbose),那么你需要手动添加它们。
但是,如果您希望获得getopts
功能以及长选项,这是一种简单的方法。
我也把这个片段放在gist中。
内置的getopts
无法做到这一点。有一个外部的getopt(1)程序可以做到这一点,但你只能在Linux上从util-linux包中获得它。它附带一个示例脚本getopt-parse.bash。
还有一个getopts_long
被写为shell函数。
#!/bin/bash
while getopts "abc:d:" flag
do
case $flag in
a) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag";;
b) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag";;
c) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag $OPTARG";;
d) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag $OPTARG";;
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))
echo "[otheropts]==> $@"
exit
.
#!/bin/bash
until [ -z "$1" ]; do
case $1 in
"--dlong")
shift
if [ "${1:1:0}" != "-" ]
then
echo "==> dlong $1"
shift
fi;;
*) echo "==> other $1"; shift;;
esac
done
exit
在ksh93
,getopts
确实支持长名称......
while getopts "f(file):s(server):" flag
do
echo "$flag" $OPTIND $OPTARG
done
或者我发现的教程已经说过了。试试看吧。
发明轮子的另一个版本......
这个函数是(希望)POSIX兼容的普通bourne shell替代GNU getopt。它支持短/长选项,可以接受强制/可选/无参数,并且指定选项的方式几乎与GNU getopt相同,因此转换是微不足道的。
当然,这仍然是放入脚本的大量代码,但它大约是众所周知的getopt_long shell函数的一半,并且在您只想替换现有GNU getopt用途的情况下可能更好。
这是一个非常新的代码,所以YMMV(当然,请告诉我,如果由于任何原因这实际上不是POSIX兼容的 - 从一开始就是可移植性,但我没有一个有用的POSIX测试环境)。
代码和示例用法如下:
#!/bin/sh
# posix_getopt shell function
# Author: Phil S.
# Version: 1.0
# Created: 2016-07-05
# URL: http://stackoverflow.com/a/37087374/324105
# POSIX-compatible argument quoting and parameter save/restore
# http://www.etalabs.net/sh_tricks.html
# Usage:
# parameters=$(save "$@") # save the original parameters.
# eval "set -- ${parameters}" # restore the saved parameters.
save () {
local param
for param; do
printf %s\\n "$param" \
| sed "s/'/'\\\\''/g;1s/^/'/;\$s/\$/' \\\\/"
done
printf %s\\n " "
}
# Exit with status $1 after displaying error message $2.
exiterr () {
printf %s\\n "$2" >&2
exit $1
}
# POSIX-compatible command line option parsing.
# This function supports long options and optional arguments, and is
# a (largely-compatible) drop-in replacement for GNU getopt.
#
# Instead of:
# opts=$(getopt -o "$shortopts" -l "$longopts" -- "$@")
# eval set -- ${opts}
#
# We instead use:
# opts=$(posix_getopt "$shortopts" "$longopts" "$@")
# eval "set -- ${opts}"
posix_getopt () { # args: "$shortopts" "$longopts" "$@"
local shortopts longopts \
arg argtype getopt nonopt opt optchar optword suffix
shortopts="$1"
longopts="$2"
shift 2
getopt=
nonopt=
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
opt=
arg=
argtype=
case "$1" in
# '--' means don't parse the remaining options
( -- ) {
getopt="${getopt}$(save "$@")"
shift $#
break
};;
# process short option
( -[!-]* ) { # -x[foo]
suffix=${1#-?} # foo
opt=${1%$suffix} # -x
optchar=${opt#-} # x
case "${shortopts}" in
( *${optchar}::* ) { # optional argument
argtype=optional
arg="${suffix}"
shift
};;
( *${optchar}:* ) { # required argument
argtype=required
if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
arg="${suffix}"
shift
else
case "$2" in
( -* ) exiterr 1 "$1 requires an argument";;
( ?* ) arg="$2"; shift 2;;
( * ) exiterr 1 "$1 requires an argument";;
esac
fi
};;
( *${optchar}* ) { # no argument
argtype=none
arg=
shift
# Handle multiple no-argument parameters combined as
# -xyz instead of -x -y -z. If we have just shifted
# parameter -xyz, we now replace it with -yz (which
# will be processed in the next iteration).
if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
eval "set -- $(save "-${suffix}")$(save "$@")"
fi
};;
( * ) exiterr 1 "Unknown option $1";;
esac
};;
# process long option
( --?* ) { # --xarg[=foo]
suffix=${1#*=} # foo (unless there was no =)
if [ "${suffix}" = "$1" ]; then
suffix=
fi
opt=${1%=$suffix} # --xarg
optword=${opt#--} # xarg
case ",${longopts}," in
( *,${optword}::,* ) { # optional argument
argtype=optional
arg="${suffix}"
shift
};;
( *,${optword}:,* ) { # required argument
argtype=required
if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
arg="${suffix}"
shift
else
case "$2" in
( -* ) exiterr 1 \
"--${optword} requires an argument";;
( ?* ) arg="$2"; shift 2;;
( * ) exiterr 1 \
"--${optword} requires an argument";;
esac
fi
};;
( *,${optword},* ) { # no argument
if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
exiterr 1 "--${optword} does not take an argument"
fi
argtype=none
arg=
shift
};;
( * ) exiterr 1 "Unknown option $1";;
esac
};;
# any other parameters starting with -
( -* ) exiterr 1 "Unknown option $1";;
# remember non-option parameters
( * ) nonopt="${nonopt}$(save "$1")"; shift;;
esac
if [ -n "${opt}" ]; then
getopt="${getopt}$(save "$opt")"
case "${argtype}" in
( optional|required ) {
getopt="${getopt}$(save "$arg")"
};;
esac
fi
done
# Generate function output, suitable for:
# eval "set -- $(posix_getopt ...)"
printf %s "${getopt}"
if [ -n "${nonopt}" ]; then
printf %s "$(save "--")${nonopt}"
fi
}
用法示例:
# Process command line options
shortopts="hvd:c::s::L:D"
longopts="help,version,directory:,client::,server::,load:,delete"
#opts=$(getopt -o "$shortopts" -l "$longopts" -n "$(basename $0)" -- "$@")
opts=$(posix_getopt "$shortopts" "$longopts" "$@")
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
#eval set -- ${opts}
eval "set -- ${opts}"
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
case "$1" in
( -- ) shift; break;;
( -h|--help ) help=1; shift; break;;
( -v|--version ) version_help=1; shift; break;;
( -d|--directory ) dir=$2; shift 2;;
( -c|--client ) useclient=1; client=$2; shift 2;;
( -s|--server ) startserver=1; server_name=$2; shift 2;;
( -L|--load ) load=$2; shift 2;;
( -D|--delete ) delete=1; shift;;
esac
done
else
shorthelp=1 # getopt returned (and reported) an error.
fi
我只是偶尔编写shell脚本而且没有实践,所以任何反馈都会受到赞赏。
使用@Arvid Requate提出的策略,我们发现了一些用户错误。忘记包含值的用户将意外地将下一个选项的名称视为值:
./getopts_test.sh --loglevel= --toc=TRUE
将导致“loglevel”的值被视为“--toc = TRUE”。这可以避免。
我从http://mwiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/035讨论手动解析中调整了一些关于检查CLI用户错误的想法。我将错误检查插入到处理“ - ”和“ - ”参数中。
然后我开始摆弄语法,所以这里的任何错误都是我的错,而不是原作者。
我的方法可以帮助那些喜欢在有或没有等号的情况下输入长的用户。也就是说,它应该对“--loglevel 9”的响应与“--lvelvel = 9”相同。在 - / space方法中,无法确定用户是否忘记了参数,因此需要进行一些猜测。
如果你开始这个,“ - opt = value”和“--opt value”格式之间有一个有趣的区别。使用等号,命令行参数被视为“opt = value”,处理它的工作是字符串解析,以“=”分隔。相反,对于“--opt value”,参数的名称是“opt”,我们面临着在命令行中获取下一个值的挑战。这就是@Arvid Requate使用$ {!OPTIND}的间接引用。我仍然不明白,嗯,BashFAQ中的评论似乎警告这种风格(http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/006)。顺便说一句,我不认为以前海报关于OPTIND = $(($ OPTIND + 1))重要性的评论是正确的。我的意思是说,我认为省略它没有任何伤害。
在此脚本的最新版本中,标志-v表示VERBOSE打印输出。
将其保存在名为“cli-5.sh”的文件中,生成可执行文件,其中任何一个都可以工作,或者以所需的方式失败
./cli-5.sh -v --loglevel=44 --toc TRUE
./cli-5.sh -v --loglevel=44 --toc=TRUE
./cli-5.sh --loglevel 7
./cli-5.sh --loglevel=8
./cli-5.sh -l9
./cli-5.sh --toc FALSE --loglevel=77
./cli-5.sh --toc=FALSE --loglevel=77
./cli-5.sh -l99 -t yyy
./cli-5.sh -l 99 -t yyy
以下是对用户输入进行错误检查的示例输出
$ ./cli-5.sh --toc --loglevel=77
ERROR: toc value must not have dash at beginning
$ ./cli-5.sh --toc= --loglevel=77
ERROR: value for toc undefined
您应该考虑启用-v,因为它打印出OPTIND和OPTARG的内部
#/usr/bin/env bash
## Paul Johnson
## 20171016
##
## Combines ideas from
## https://stackoverflow.com/questions/402377/using-getopts-in-bash-shell-script-to-get-long-and-short-command-line-options
## by @Arvid Requate, and http://mwiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/035
# What I don't understand yet:
# In @Arvid REquate's answer, we have
# val="${!OPTIND}"; OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 ))
# this works, but I don't understand it!
die() {
printf '%s\n' "$1" >&2
exit 1
}
printparse(){
if [ ${VERBOSE} -gt 0 ]; then
printf 'Parse: %s%s%s\n' "$1" "$2" "$3" >&2;
fi
}
showme(){
if [ ${VERBOSE} -gt 0 ]; then
printf 'VERBOSE: %s\n' "$1" >&2;
fi
}
VERBOSE=0
loglevel=0
toc="TRUE"
optspec=":vhl:t:-:"
while getopts "$optspec" OPTCHAR; do
showme "OPTARG: ${OPTARG[*]}"
showme "OPTIND: ${OPTIND[*]}"
case "${OPTCHAR}" in
-)
case "${OPTARG}" in
loglevel) #argument has no equal sign
opt=${OPTARG}
val="${!OPTIND}"
## check value. If negative, assume user forgot value
showme "OPTIND is {$OPTIND} {!OPTIND} has value \"${!OPTIND}\""
if [[ "$val" == -* ]]; then
die "ERROR: $opt value must not have dash at beginning"
fi
## OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 )) # CAUTION! no effect?
printparse "--${OPTARG}" " " "${val}"
loglevel="${val}"
shift
;;
loglevel=*) #argument has equal sign
opt=${OPTARG%=*}
val=${OPTARG#*=}
if [ "${OPTARG#*=}" ]; then
printparse "--${opt}" "=" "${val}"
loglevel="${val}"
## shift CAUTION don't shift this, fails othewise
else
die "ERROR: $opt value must be supplied"
fi
;;
toc) #argument has no equal sign
opt=${OPTARG}
val="${!OPTIND}"
## check value. If negative, assume user forgot value
showme "OPTIND is {$OPTIND} {!OPTIND} has value \"${!OPTIND}\""
if [[ "$val" == -* ]]; then
die "ERROR: $opt value must not have dash at beginning"
fi
## OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 )) #??
printparse "--${opt}" " " "${val}"
toc="${val}"
shift
;;
toc=*) #argument has equal sign
opt=${OPTARG%=*}
val=${OPTARG#*=}
if [ "${OPTARG#*=}" ]; then
toc=${val}
printparse "--$opt" " -> " "$toc"
##shift ## NO! dont shift this
else
die "ERROR: value for $opt undefined"
fi
;;
help)
echo "usage: $0 [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>] [--toc[=]<TRUE,FALSE>]" >&2
exit 2
;;
*)
if [ "$OPTERR" = 1 ] && [ "${optspec:0:1}" != ":" ]; then
echo "Unknown option --${OPTARG}" >&2
fi
;;
esac;;
h|-\?|--help)
## must rewrite this for all of the arguments
echo "usage: $0 [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>] [--toc[=]<TRUE,FALSE>]" >&2
exit 2
;;
l)
loglevel=${OPTARG}
printparse "-l" " " "${loglevel}"
;;
t)
toc=${OPTARG}
;;
v)
VERBOSE=1
;;
*)
if [ "$OPTERR" != 1 ] || [ "${optspec:0:1}" = ":" ]; then
echo "Non-option argument: '-${OPTARG}'" >&2
fi
;;
esac
done
echo "
After Parsing values
"
echo "loglevel $loglevel"
echo "toc $toc"
在这里,您可以在bash中找到一些用于复杂选项解析的不同方法:http://mywiki.wooledge.org/ComplexOptionParsing
我确实创建了以下一个,我认为这是一个很好的,因为它是最小的代码,长短选项都有效。使用此方法,long选项也可以有多个参数。
#!/bin/bash
# Uses bash extensions. Not portable as written.
declare -A longoptspec
longoptspec=( [loglevel]=1 ) #use associative array to declare how many arguments a long option expects, in this case we declare that loglevel expects/has one argument, long options that aren't listed i n this way will have zero arguments by default
optspec=":h-:"
while getopts "$optspec" opt; do
while true; do
case "${opt}" in
-) #OPTARG is name-of-long-option or name-of-long-option=value
if [[ "${OPTARG}" =~ .*=.* ]] #with this --key=value format only one argument is possible
then
opt=${OPTARG/=*/}
OPTARG=${OPTARG#*=}
((OPTIND--))
else #with this --key value1 value2 format multiple arguments are possible
opt="$OPTARG"
OPTARG=(${@:OPTIND:$((longoptspec[$opt]))})
fi
((OPTIND+=longoptspec[$opt]))
continue #now that opt/OPTARG are set we can process them as if getopts would've given us long options
;;
loglevel)
loglevel=$OPTARG
;;
h|help)
echo "usage: $0 [--loglevel[=]<value>]" >&2
exit 2
;;
esac
break; done
done
# End of file
我已经在这个主题上工作了很长时间......并且创建了我自己的库,你需要在你的主脚本中找到它。有关示例,请参阅libopt4shell和cd2mpc。希望能帮助到你 !
改进的解决方案:
# translate long options to short
# Note: This enable long options but disable "--?*" in $OPTARG, or disable long options after "--" in option fields.
for ((i=1;$#;i++)) ; do
case "$1" in
--)
# [ ${args[$((i-1))]} == ... ] || EndOpt=1 ;;& # DIRTY: we still can handle some execptions...
EndOpt=1 ;;&
--version) ((EndOpt)) && args[$i]="$1" || args[$i]="-V";;
# default case : short option use the first char of the long option:
--?*) ((EndOpt)) && args[$i]="$1" || args[$i]="-${1:2:1}";;
# pass through anything else:
*) args[$i]="$1" ;;
esac
shift
done
# reset the translated args
set -- "${args[@]}"
function usage {
echo "Usage: $0 [options] files" >&2
exit $1
}
# now we can process with getopt
while getopts ":hvVc:" opt; do
case $opt in
h) usage ;;
v) VERBOSE=true ;;
V) echo $Version ; exit ;;
c) source $OPTARG ;;
\?) echo "unrecognized option: -$opt" ; usage -1 ;;
:)
echo "option -$OPTARG requires an argument"
usage -1
;;
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))
[[ "$1" == "--" ]] && shift
getopt
和getopts
是不同的野兽,人们似乎对他们的所作所为产生了一些误解。 getopts
是bash
在循环中处理命令行选项的内置命令,并将每个找到的选项和值依次分配给内置变量,因此您可以进一步处理它们。但是,getopt
是一个外部实用程序,它实际上并不像你那样处理你的选项。 bash getopts
,Perl Getopt
模块或Python optparse
/ argparse
模块。 getopt
所做的就是规范化传入的选项 - 即将它们转换为更标准的形式,以便shell脚本更容易处理它们。例如,getopt
的应用程序可能会转换以下内容:
myscript -ab infile.txt -ooutfile.txt
进入这个:
myscript -a -b -o outfile.txt infile.txt
你必须自己做实际的处理。如果对指定选项的方式有各种限制,则根本不必使用getopt
:
-o
),该值必须作为单独的参数(在空格之后)。为什么使用getopt
而不是getopts
?基本原因是只有GNU getopt
才能支持长命名的命令行选项.1(GNU getopt
是Linux上的默认设置.Mac OS X和FreeBSD带有一个基本且不太有用的getopt
,但是GNU可以安装版本;见下文。)
例如,这是一个使用GNU getopt
的例子,来自我的一个名为javawrap
的脚本:
# NOTE: This requires GNU getopt. On Mac OS X and FreeBSD, you have to install this
# separately; see below.
TEMP=`getopt -o vdm: --long verbose,debug,memory:,debugfile:,minheap:,maxheap: \
-n 'javawrap' -- "$@"`
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echo "Terminating..." >&2 ; exit 1 ; fi
# Note the quotes around `$TEMP': they are essential!
eval set -- "$TEMP"
VERBOSE=false
DEBUG=false
MEMORY=
DEBUGFILE=
JAVA_MISC_OPT=
while true; do
case "$1" in
-v | --verbose ) VERBOSE=true; shift ;;
-d | --debug ) DEBUG=true; shift ;;
-m | --memory ) MEMORY="$2"; shift 2 ;;
--debugfile ) DEBUGFILE="$2"; shift 2 ;;
--minheap )
JAVA_MISC_OPT="$JAVA_MISC_OPT -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio=$2"; shift 2 ;;
--maxheap )
JAVA_MISC_OPT="$JAVA_MISC_OPT -XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio=$2"; shift 2 ;;
-- ) shift; break ;;
* ) break ;;
esac
done
这允许您指定--verbose -dm4096 --minh=20 --maxhe 40 --debugfi="/Users/John Johnson/debug.txt"
或类似的选项。调用getopt
的效果是规范化--verbose -d -m 4096 --minheap 20 --maxheap 40 --debugfile "/Users/John Johnson/debug.txt"
的选项,以便您可以更轻松地处理它们。围绕"$1"
和"$2"
的引用非常重要,因为它可以确保正确处理带有空格的参数。
如果删除前9行(通过eval set
行的所有内容),代码仍然有效!但是,您的代码在它接受的各种选项中会更加挑剔:特别是,您必须以上述“规范”形式指定所有选项。但是,使用getopt
,您可以对单字母选项进行分组,使用较短的非模糊形式的长选项,使用--file foo.txt
或--file=foo.txt
样式,使用-m 4096
或-m4096
样式,混合选项和非选项任何订单等。如果找到无法识别或不明确的选项,getopt
也会输出错误消息。
注意:实际上有两个完全不同版本的getopt
,基本的getopt
和GNU getopt
,具有不同的功能和不同的调用约定.2基本的getopt
相当破碎:它不仅没有处理长选项,它甚至不能处理嵌入式参数或空参数内的空格,而getopts
确实这样做。上面的代码不适用于基本的getopt
。 GNU getopt
默认安装在Linux上,但在Mac OS X和FreeBSD上需要单独安装。在Mac OS X上,安装MacPorts(http://www.macports.org),然后执行sudo port install getopt
安装GNU getopt
(通常安装到/opt/local/bin
),并确保/opt/local/bin
位于/usr/bin
之前的shell路径中。在FreeBSD上,安装misc/getopt
。
修改自己程序的示例代码的快速指南:在前几行中,除了调用getopt
的行之外,所有行都应该保持“样板”。您应该在-n
之后更改程序名称,在-o
之后指定短选项,在--long
之后指定长选项。在带有值的选项后放置冒号。
最后,如果您看到的代码只有set
而不是eval set
,那么它就是为BSD getopt
编写的。你应该改变它以使用eval set
样式,它适用于两个版本的getopt
,而普通的set
不适用于GNU getopt
。
1实际上,getopts
中的ksh93
支持长命名的选项,但是这个shell并不像bash
那样频繁使用。在zsh
中,使用zparseopts
来获得此功能。
2技术上,“GNU getopt
”用词不当;这个版本实际上是为Linux而不是GNU项目编写的。但是,它遵循所有GNU约定,并且通常使用术语“GNU getopt
”(例如在FreeBSD上)。
也许使用ksh更简单,只需要getopts部分,如果需要长命令行选项,因为它可以更容易在那里完成。
# Working Getopts Long => KSH
#! /bin/ksh
# Getopts Long
USAGE="s(showconfig)"
USAGE+="c:(createdb)"
USAGE+="l:(createlistener)"
USAGE+="g:(generatescripts)"
USAGE+="r:(removedb)"
USAGE+="x:(removelistener)"
USAGE+="t:(createtemplate)"
USAGE+="h(help)"
while getopts "$USAGE" optchar ; do
case $optchar in
s) echo "Displaying Configuration" ;;
c) echo "Creating Database $OPTARG" ;;
l) echo "Creating Listener LISTENER_$OPTARG" ;;
g) echo "Generating Scripts for Database $OPTARG" ;;
r) echo "Removing Database $OPTARG" ;;
x) echo "Removing Listener LISTENER_$OPTARG" ;;
t) echo "Creating Database Template" ;;
h) echo "Help" ;;
esac
done
我还没有足够的代表评论或投票他的解决方案,但sme's answer对我来说非常好。我遇到的唯一问题是参数最终包含在单引号中(所以我将它们剥离出来)。
我还添加了一些示例用法和帮助文本。我会在这里加入我稍微扩展的版本:
#!/bin/bash
# getopt example
# from: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/402377/using-getopts-in-bash-shell-script-to-get-long-and-short-command-line-options
HELP_TEXT=\
" USAGE:\n
Accepts - and -- flags, can specify options that require a value, and can be in any order. A double-hyphen (--) will stop processing options.\n\n
Accepts the following forms:\n\n
getopt-example.sh -a -b -c value-for-c some-arg\n
getopt-example.sh -c value-for-c -a -b some-arg\n
getopt-example.sh -abc some-arg\n
getopt-example.sh --along --blong --clong value-for-c -a -b -c some-arg\n
getopt-example.sh some-arg --clong value-for-c\n
getopt-example.sh
"
aflag=false
bflag=false
cargument=""
# options may be followed by one colon to indicate they have a required argument
if ! options=$(getopt -o abc:h\? -l along,blong,help,clong: -- "$@")
then
# something went wrong, getopt will put out an error message for us
exit 1
fi
set -- $options
while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
case $1 in
-a|--along) aflag=true ;;
-b|--blong) bflag=true ;;
# for options with required arguments, an additional shift is required
-c|--clong) cargument="$2" ; shift;;
-h|--help|-\?) echo -e $HELP_TEXT; exit;;
(--) shift; break;;
(-*) echo "$0: error - unrecognized option $1" 1>&2; exit 1;;
(*) break;;
esac
shift
done
# to remove the single quotes around arguments, pipe the output into:
# | sed -e "s/^'\\|'$//g" (just leading/trailing) or | sed -e "s/'//g" (all)
echo aflag=${aflag}
echo bflag=${bflag}
echo cargument=${cargument}
while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
echo arg=$1
shift
if [[ $aflag == true ]]; then
echo a is true
fi
done
我想要一些没有外部依赖的东西,有严格的bash支持(-u),我需要它才能处理旧的bash版本。这可以处理各种类型的参数:
只需在脚本顶部插入以下内容:
# Check if a list of params contains a specific param
# usage: if _param_variant "h|?|help p|path f|file long-thing t|test-thing" "file" ; then ...
# the global variable $key is updated to the long notation (last entry in the pipe delineated list, if applicable)
_param_variant() {
for param in $1 ; do
local variants=${param//\|/ }
for variant in $variants ; do
if [[ "$variant" = "$2" ]] ; then
# Update the key to match the long version
local arr=(${param//\|/ })
let last=${#arr[@]}-1
key="${arr[$last]}"
return 0
fi
done
done
return 1
}
# Get input parameters in short or long notation, with no dependencies beyond bash
# usage:
# # First, set your defaults
# param_help=false
# param_path="."
# param_file=false
# param_image=false
# param_image_lossy=true
# # Define allowed parameters
# allowed_params="h|?|help p|path f|file i|image image-lossy"
# # Get parameters from the arguments provided
# _get_params $*
#
# Parameters will be converted into safe variable names like:
# param_help,
# param_path,
# param_file,
# param_image,
# param_image_lossy
#
# Parameters without a value like "-h" or "--help" will be treated as
# boolean, and will be set as param_help=true
#
# Parameters can accept values in the various typical ways:
# -i "path/goes/here"
# --image "path/goes/here"
# --image="path/goes/here"
# --image=path/goes/here
# These would all result in effectively the same thing:
# param_image="path/goes/here"
#
# Concatinated short parameters (boolean) are also supported
# -vhm is the same as -v -h -m
_get_params(){
local param_pair
local key
local value
local shift_count
while : ; do
# Ensure we have a valid param. Allows this to work even in -u mode.
if [[ $# == 0 || -z $1 ]] ; then
break
fi
# Split the argument if it contains "="
param_pair=(${1//=/ })
# Remove preceeding dashes
key="${param_pair[0]#--}"
# Check for concatinated boolean short parameters.
local nodash="${key#-}"
local breakout=false
if [[ "$nodash" != "$key" && ${#nodash} -gt 1 ]]; then
# Extrapolate multiple boolean keys in single dash notation. ie. "-vmh" should translate to: "-v -m -h"
local short_param_count=${#nodash}
let new_arg_count=$#+$short_param_count-1
local new_args=""
# $str_pos is the current position in the short param string $nodash
for (( str_pos=0; str_pos<new_arg_count; str_pos++ )); do
# The first character becomes the current key
if [ $str_pos -eq 0 ] ; then
key="${nodash:$str_pos:1}"
breakout=true
fi
# $arg_pos is the current position in the constructed arguments list
let arg_pos=$str_pos+1
if [ $arg_pos -gt $short_param_count ] ; then
# handle other arguments
let orignal_arg_number=$arg_pos-$short_param_count+1
local new_arg="${!orignal_arg_number}"
else
# break out our one argument into new ones
local new_arg="-${nodash:$str_pos:1}"
fi
new_args="$new_args \"$new_arg\""
done
# remove the preceding space and set the new arguments
eval set -- "${new_args# }"
fi
if ! $breakout ; then
key="$nodash"
fi
# By default we expect to shift one argument at a time
shift_count=1
if [ "${#param_pair[@]}" -gt "1" ] ; then
# This is a param with equals notation
value="${param_pair[1]}"
else
# This is either a boolean param and there is no value,
# or the value is the next command line argument
# Assume the value is a boolean true, unless the next argument is found to be a value.
value=true
if [[ $# -gt 1 && -n "$2" ]]; then
local nodash="${2#-}"
if [ "$nodash" = "$2" ]; then
# The next argument has NO preceding dash so it is a value
value="$2"
shift_count=2
fi
fi
fi
# Check that the param being passed is one of the allowed params
if _param_variant "$allowed_params" "$key" ; then
# --key-name will now become param_key_name
eval param_${key//-/_}="$value"
else
printf 'WARNING: Unknown option (ignored): %s\n' "$1" >&2
fi
shift $shift_count
done
}
并像这样使用它:
# Assign defaults for parameters
param_help=false
param_path=$(pwd)
param_file=false
param_image=true
param_image_lossy=true
param_image_lossy_quality=85
# Define the params we will allow
allowed_params="h|?|help p|path f|file i|image image-lossy image-lossy-quality"
# Get the params from arguments provided
_get_params $*
接受的答案很好地指出了bash内置getopts
的所有缺点。答案结束于:
因此,尽管可以编写更多代码来解决缺乏对长选项的支持的问题,但这需要做更多工作,并且部分地违背了使用getopt解析器来简化代码的目的。
尽管我原则上同意该声明,但我觉得我们在各种脚本中实现此功能的次数证明了为创建“标准化”,经过良好测试的解决方案付出了一些努力。
因此,我通过在纯粹的bash中实现getopts
来“升级”在getopts_long
中构建的bash,没有外部依赖。该功能的使用与内置的getopts
100%兼容。
通过在脚本中包含getopts_long
(在https://github.com/UmkaDK/getopts_long上的GitHub上托管),原始问题的答案可以简单地实现:
source "${PATH_TO}/getopts_long.bash"
while getopts_long ':c: copyfile:' OPTKEY; do
case ${OPTKEY} in
'c'|'copyfile')
echo 'file supplied -- ${OPTARG}'
;;
'?')
echo "INVALID OPTION -- ${OPTARG}" >&2
exit 1
;;
':')
echo "MISSING ARGUMENT for option -- ${OPTARG}" >&2
exit 1
;;
*)
echo "Misconfigured OPTSPEC or uncaught option -- ${OPTKEY}" >&2
exit 1
;;
esac
done
shift $(( OPTIND - 1 ))
[[ "${1}" == "--" ]] && shift
为了保持跨平台兼容性,并避免依赖外部可执行文件,我从另一种语言移植了一些代码。
我发现它很容易使用,这是一个例子:
ArgParser::addArg "[h]elp" false "This list"
ArgParser::addArg "[q]uiet" false "Supress output"
ArgParser::addArg "[s]leep" 1 "Seconds to sleep"
ArgParser::addArg "v" 1 "Verbose mode"
ArgParser::parse "$@"
ArgParser::isset help && ArgParser::showArgs
ArgParser::isset "quiet" \
&& echo "Quiet!" \
|| echo "Noisy!"
local __sleep
ArgParser::tryAndGetArg sleep into __sleep \
&& echo "Sleep for $__sleep seconds" \
|| echo "No value passed for sleep"
# This way is often more convienient, but is a little slower
echo "Sleep set to: $( ArgParser::getArg sleep )"
所需的BASH比它可能长一点,但我想避免依赖BASH 4的关联数组。您也可以直接从http://nt4.com/bash/argparser.inc.sh下载
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Updates to this script may be found at
# http://nt4.com/bash/argparser.inc.sh
# Example of runtime usage:
# mnc.sh --nc -q Caprica.S0*mkv *.avi *.mp3 --more-options here --host centos8.host.com
# Example of use in script (see bottom)
# Just include this file in yours, or use
# source argparser.inc.sh
unset EXPLODED
declare -a EXPLODED
function explode
{
local c=$#
(( c < 2 )) &&
{
echo function "$0" is missing parameters
return 1
}
local delimiter="$1"
local string="$2"
local limit=${3-99}
local tmp_delim=$'\x07'
local delin=${string//$delimiter/$tmp_delim}
local oldifs="$IFS"
IFS="$tmp_delim"
EXPLODED=($delin)
IFS="$oldifs"
}
# See: http://fvue.nl/wiki/Bash:_Passing_variables_by_reference
# Usage: local "$1" && upvar $1 "value(s)"
upvar() {
if unset -v "$1"; then # Unset & validate varname
if (( $# == 2 )); then
eval $1=\"\$2\" # Return single value
else
eval $1=\(\"\${@:2}\"\) # Return array
fi
fi
}
function decho
{
:
}
function ArgParser::check
{
__args=${#__argparser__arglist[@]}
for (( i=0; i<__args; i++ ))
do
matched=0
explode "|" "${__argparser__arglist[$i]}"
if [ "${#1}" -eq 1 ]
then
if [ "${1}" == "${EXPLODED[0]}" ]
then
decho "Matched $1 with ${EXPLODED[0]}"
matched=1
break
fi
else
if [ "${1}" == "${EXPLODED[1]}" ]
then
decho "Matched $1 with ${EXPLODED[1]}"
matched=1
break
fi
fi
done
(( matched == 0 )) && return 2
# decho "Key $key has default argument of ${EXPLODED[3]}"
if [ "${EXPLODED[3]}" == "false" ]
then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
}
function ArgParser::set
{
key=$3
value="${1:-true}"
declare -g __argpassed__$key="$value"
}
function ArgParser::parse
{
unset __argparser__argv
__argparser__argv=()
# echo parsing: "$@"
while [ -n "$1" ]
do
# echo "Processing $1"
if [ "${1:0:2}" == '--' ]
then
key=${1:2}
value=$2
elif [ "${1:0:1}" == '-' ]
then
key=${1:1} # Strip off leading -
value=$2
else
decho "Not argument or option: '$1'" >& 2
__argparser__argv+=( "$1" )
shift
continue
fi
# parameter=${tmp%%=*} # Extract name.
# value=${tmp##*=} # Extract value.
decho "Key: '$key', value: '$value'"
# eval $parameter=$value
ArgParser::check $key
el=$?
# echo "Check returned $el for $key"
[ $el -eq 2 ] && decho "No match for option '$1'" >&2 # && __argparser__argv+=( "$1" )
[ $el -eq 0 ] && decho "Matched option '${EXPLODED[2]}' with no arguments" >&2 && ArgParser::set true "${EXPLODED[@]}"
[ $el -eq 1 ] && decho "Matched option '${EXPLODED[2]}' with an argument of '$2'" >&2 && ArgParser::set "$2" "${EXPLODED[@]}" && shift
shift
done
}
function ArgParser::isset
{
declare -p "__argpassed__$1" > /dev/null 2>&1 && return 0
return 1
}
function ArgParser::getArg
{
# This one would be a bit silly, since we can only return non-integer arguments ineffeciently
varname="__argpassed__$1"
echo "${!varname}"
}
##
# usage: tryAndGetArg <argname> into <varname>
# returns: 0 on success, 1 on failure
function ArgParser::tryAndGetArg
{
local __varname="__argpassed__$1"
local __value="${!__varname}"
test -z "$__value" && return 1
local "$3" && upvar $3 "$__value"
return 0
}
function ArgParser::__construct
{
unset __argparser__arglist
# declare -a __argparser__arglist
}
##
# @brief add command line argument
# @param 1 short and/or long, eg: [s]hort
# @param 2 default value
# @param 3 description
##
function ArgParser::addArg
{
# check for short arg within long arg
if [[ "$1" =~ \[(.)\] ]]
then
short=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
long=${1/\[$short\]/$short}
else
long=$1
fi
if [ "${#long}" -eq 1 ]
then
short=$long
long=''
fi
decho short: "$short"
decho long: "$long"
__argparser__arglist+=("$short|$long|$1|$2|$3")
}
##
# @brief show available command line arguments
##
function ArgParser::showArgs
{
# declare -p | grep argparser
printf "Usage: %s [OPTION...]\n\n" "$( basename "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )"
printf "Defaults for the options are specified in brackets.\n\n";
__args=${#__argparser__arglist[@]}
for (( i=0; i<__args; i++ ))
do
local shortname=
local fullname=
local default=
local description=
local comma=
explode "|" "${__argparser__arglist[$i]}"
shortname="${EXPLODED[0]:+-${EXPLODED[0]}}" # String Substitution Guide:
fullname="${EXPLODED[1]:+--${EXPLODED[1]}}" # http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/parameter-substitution.html
test -n "$shortname" \
&& test -n "$fullname" \
&& comma=","
default="${EXPLODED[3]}"
case $default in
false )
default=
;;
"" )
default=
;;
* )
default="[$default]"
esac
description="${EXPLODED[4]}"
printf " %2s%1s %-19s %s %s\n" "$shortname" "$comma" "$fullname" "$description" "$default"
done
}
function ArgParser::test
{
# Arguments with a default of 'false' do not take paramaters (note: default
# values are not applied in this release)
ArgParser::addArg "[h]elp" false "This list"
ArgParser::addArg "[q]uiet" false "Supress output"
ArgParser::addArg "[s]leep" 1 "Seconds to sleep"
ArgParser::addArg "v" 1 "Verbose mode"
ArgParser::parse "$@"
ArgParser::isset help && ArgParser::showArgs
ArgParser::isset "quiet" \
&& echo "Quiet!" \
|| echo "Noisy!"
local __sleep
ArgParser::tryAndGetArg sleep into __sleep \
&& echo "Sleep for $__sleep seconds" \
|| echo "No value passed for sleep"
# This way is often more convienient, but is a little slower
echo "Sleep set to: $( ArgParser::getArg sleep )"
echo "Remaining command line: ${__argparser__argv[@]}"
}
if [ "$( basename "$0" )" == "argparser.inc.sh" ]
then
ArgParser::test "$@"
fi
如果所有长选项都有唯一且匹配的第一个字符作为短选项,那么例如
./slamm --chaos 23 --plenty test -quiet
是相同的
./slamm -c 23 -p test -q
您可以在getopts之前使用它来重写$ args:
# change long options to short options
for arg; do
[[ "${arg:0:1}" == "-" ]] && delim="" || delim="\""
if [ "${arg:0:2}" == "--" ];
then args="${args} -${arg:2:1}"
else args="${args} ${delim}${arg}${delim}"
fi
done
# reset the incoming args
eval set -- $args
# proceed as usual
while getopts ":b:la:h" OPTION; do
.....
感谢mtvee的灵感;-)
内置getopts
只解析短选项(ksh93除外),但你仍然可以添加几行脚本来使getopts处理长选项。
这是http://www.uxora.com/unix/shell-script/22-handle-long-options-with-getopts中的代码的一部分
#== set short options ==#
SCRIPT_OPTS=':fbF:B:-:h'
#== set long options associated with short one ==#
typeset -A ARRAY_OPTS
ARRAY_OPTS=(
[foo]=f
[bar]=b
[foobar]=F
[barfoo]=B
[help]=h
[man]=h
)
#== parse options ==#
while getopts ${SCRIPT_OPTS} OPTION ; do
#== translate long options to short ==#
if [[ "x$OPTION" == "x-" ]]; then
LONG_OPTION=$OPTARG
LONG_OPTARG=$(echo $LONG_OPTION | grep "=" | cut -d'=' -f2)
LONG_OPTIND=-1
[[ "x$LONG_OPTARG" = "x" ]] && LONG_OPTIND=$OPTIND || LONG_OPTION=$(echo $OPTARG | cut -d'=' -f1)
[[ $LONG_OPTIND -ne -1 ]] && eval LONG_OPTARG="\$$LONG_OPTIND"
OPTION=${ARRAY_OPTS[$LONG_OPTION]}
[[ "x$OPTION" = "x" ]] && OPTION="?" OPTARG="-$LONG_OPTION"
if [[ $( echo "${SCRIPT_OPTS}" | grep -c "${OPTION}:" ) -eq 1 ]]; then
if [[ "x${LONG_OPTARG}" = "x" ]] || [[ "${LONG_OPTARG}" = -* ]]; then
OPTION=":" OPTARG="-$LONG_OPTION"
else
OPTARG="$LONG_OPTARG";
if [[ $LONG_OPTIND -ne -1 ]]; then
[[ $OPTIND -le $Optnum ]] && OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND+1 ))
shift $OPTIND
OPTIND=1
fi
fi
fi
fi
#== options follow by another option instead of argument ==#
if [[ "x${OPTION}" != "x:" ]] && [[ "x${OPTION}" != "x?" ]] && [[ "${OPTARG}" = -* ]]; then
OPTARG="$OPTION" OPTION=":"
fi
#== manage options ==#
case "$OPTION" in
f ) foo=1 bar=0 ;;
b ) foo=0 bar=1 ;;
B ) barfoo=${OPTARG} ;;
F ) foobar=1 && foobar_name=${OPTARG} ;;
h ) usagefull && exit 0 ;;
: ) echo "${SCRIPT_NAME}: -$OPTARG: option requires an argument" >&2 && usage >&2 && exit 99 ;;
? ) echo "${SCRIPT_NAME}: -$OPTARG: unknown option" >&2 && usage >&2 && exit 99 ;;
esac
done
shift $((${OPTIND} - 1))
这是一个测试:
# Short options test
$ ./foobar_any_getopts.sh -bF "Hello world" -B 6 file1 file2
foo=0 bar=1
barfoo=6
foobar=1 foobar_name=Hello world
files=file1 file2
# Long and short options test
$ ./foobar_any_getopts.sh --bar -F Hello --barfoo 6 file1 file2
foo=0 bar=1
barfoo=6
foobar=1 foobar_name=Hello
files=file1 file2
否则在最近的Korn Shell ksh93中,getopts
可以自然地解析长选项,甚至可以显示手册页。 (见http://www.uxora.com/unix/shell-script/20-getopts-with-man-page-and-long-options)
内置的OS X(BSD)getopt不支持长选项,但GNU版本支持:brew install gnu-getopt
。然后,类似于:cp /usr/local/Cellar/gnu-getopt/1.1.6/bin/getopt /usr/local/bin/gnu-getopt
。
EasyOptions处理短期和长期期权:
## Options:
## --verbose, -v Verbose mode
## --logfile=NAME Log filename
source easyoptions || exit
if test -n "${verbose}"; then
echo "log file: ${logfile}"
echo "arguments: ${arguments[@]}"
fi
一个简单的DIY只能获得长命名的args:
使用:
$ ./test-args.sh --a1 a1 --a2 "a 2" --a3 --a4= --a5=a5 --a6="a 6"
a1 = "a1"
a2 = "a 2"
a3 = "TRUE"
a4 = ""
a5 = "a5"
a6 = "a 6"
a7 = ""
脚本:
#!/bin/bash
function main() {
ARGS=`getArgs "$@"`
a1=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a1`
a2=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a2`
a3=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a3`
a4=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a4`
a5=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a5`
a6=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a6`
a7=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a7`
echo "a1 = \"$a1\""
echo "a2 = \"$a2\""
echo "a3 = \"$a3\""
echo "a4 = \"$a4\""
echo "a5 = \"$a5\""
echo "a6 = \"$a6\""
echo "a7 = \"$a7\""
exit 0
}
function getArgs() {
for arg in "$@"; do
echo "$arg"
done
}
function getNamedArg() {
ARG_NAME=$1
sed --regexp-extended --quiet --expression="
s/^--$ARG_NAME=(.*)\$/\1/p # Get arguments in format '--arg=value': [s]ubstitute '--arg=value' by 'value', and [p]rint
/^--$ARG_NAME\$/ { # Get arguments in format '--arg value' ou '--arg'
n # - [n]ext, because in this format, if value exists, it will be the next argument
/^--/! p # - If next doesn't starts with '--', it is the value of the actual argument
/^--/ { # - If next do starts with '--', it is the next argument and the actual argument is a boolean one
# Then just repla[c]ed by TRUE
c TRUE
}
}
"
}
main "$@"
Bash builtin getopts函数可用于通过在optspec中放入一个破折号字符后跟冒号来解析长选项:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
optspec=":hv-:"
while getopts "$optspec" optchar; do
case "${optchar}" in
-)
case "${OPTARG}" in
loglevel)
val="${!OPTIND}"; OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 ))
echo "Parsing option: '--${OPTARG}', value: '${val}'" >&2;
;;
loglevel=*)
val=${OPTARG#*=}
opt=${OPTARG%=$val}
echo "Parsing option: '--${opt}', value: '${val}'" >&2
;;
*)
if [ "$OPTERR" = 1 ] && [ "${optspec:0:1}" != ":" ]; then
echo "Unknown option --${OPTARG}" >&2
fi
;;
esac;;
h)
echo "usage: $0 [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>]" >&2
exit 2
;;
v)
echo "Parsing option: '-${optchar}'" >&2
;;
*)
if [ "$OPTERR" != 1 ] || [ "${optspec:0:1}" = ":" ]; then
echo "Non-option argument: '-${OPTARG}'" >&2
fi
;;
esac
done
在getopts_test.sh
中复制到可执行文件名= current working directory后,可以产生类似的输出
$ ./getopts_test.sh
$ ./getopts_test.sh -f
Non-option argument: '-f'
$ ./getopts_test.sh -h
usage: code/getopts_test.sh [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>]
$ ./getopts_test.sh --help
$ ./getopts_test.sh -v
Parsing option: '-v'
$ ./getopts_test.sh --very-bad
$ ./getopts_test.sh --loglevel
Parsing option: '--loglevel', value: ''
$ ./getopts_test.sh --loglevel 11
Parsing option: '--loglevel', value: '11'
$ ./getopts_test.sh --loglevel=11
Parsing option: '--loglevel', value: '11'
显然,getopts既不执行OPTERR
检查也不执行选项解析为长选项解析。上面的脚本片段显示了如何手动完成此操作。基本原理也适用于Debian Almquist shell(“dash”)。请注意特殊情况:
getopts -- "-:" ## without the option terminator "-- " bash complains about "-:"
getopts "-:" ## this works in the Debian Almquist shell ("dash")
请注意,正如来自http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ的GreyCat指出的那样,这个技巧利用了shell的非标准行为,允许将option-argument(即“-f filename”中的文件名)连接到该选项(如“ -ffilename“)。 POSIX标准说它们之间必须有一个空格,在“ - longoption”的情况下,它将终止选项解析并将所有longoptions转换为非选项参数。
如果只是这样你想要调用脚本
myscript.sh --input1 "ABC" --input2 "PQR" --input2 "XYZ"
那么你可以用这个最简单的方法在getopt和--longoptions的帮助下实现它
试试这个,希望这很有用
# Read command line options
ARGUMENT_LIST=(
"input1"
"input2"
"input3"
)
# read arguments
opts=$(getopt \
--longoptions "$(printf "%s:," "${ARGUMENT_LIST[@]}")" \
--name "$(basename "$0")" \
--options "" \
-- "$@"
)
echo $opts
eval set --$opts
while true; do
case "$1" in
--input1)
shift
empId=$1
;;
--input2)
shift
fromDate=$1
;;
--input3)
shift
toDate=$1
;;
--)
shift
break
;;
esac
shift
done
内置的getopts
命令仍然是AFAIK,仅限于单字符选项。
有(或曾经是)一个外部程序getopt
,它将重新组织一组选项,以便更容易解析。您可以调整该设计以处理长选项。用法示例:
aflag=no
bflag=no
flist=""
set -- $(getopt abf: "$@")
while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
case "$1" in
(-a) aflag=yes;;
(-b) bflag=yes;;
(-f) flist="$flist $2"; shift;;
(--) shift; break;;
(-*) echo "$0: error - unrecognized option $1" 1>&2; exit 1;;
(*) break;;
esac
shift
done
# Process remaining non-option arguments
...
您可以使用与getoptlong
命令类似的方案。
请注意,外部getopt
程序的基本弱点是难以处理带有空格的参数,以及准确保留这些空间。这就是为什么内置的getopts
是优越的,虽然它只处理单字母选项的事实。
这是一个实际使用带有长选项的getopt的示例:
aflag=no
bflag=no
cargument=none
# options may be followed by one colon to indicate they have a required argument
if ! options=$(getopt -o abc: -l along,blong,clong: -- "$@")
then
# something went wrong, getopt will put out an error message for us
exit 1
fi
set -- $options
while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
case $1 in
-a|--along) aflag="yes" ;;
-b|--blong) bflag="yes" ;;
# for options with required arguments, an additional shift is required
-c|--clong) cargument="$2" ; shift;;
(--) shift; break;;
(-*) echo "$0: error - unrecognized option $1" 1>&2; exit 1;;
(*) break;;
esac
shift
done
长期选项可以通过标准getopts
解析,内置为-
“选项”的“参数”
这是可移植的本机POSIX shell - 不需要外部程序或基础。
本指南实现了长期选项作为-
选项的参数,因此--alpha
被getopts
看作-
与参数alpha
和--bravo=foo
被视为-
与参数bravo=foo
。真正的论点可以用一个简单的替代品来收获:${OPTARG#*=}
。
在这个例子中,-b
(及其长形式,--bravo
)有一个强制选项(注意手册重建强制执行长形式)。长参数的非布尔选项在等于符号后出现,例如--bravo=foo
(长期选择的空间分隔符很难实现)。
因为这使用getopts
,这个解决方案支持像cmd -ac --bravo=foo -d FILE
(它结合了选项-a
和-c
以及将长选项与标准选项交错)这样的用法,而这里的大多数其他答案要么挣扎要么不能做到。
while getopts ab:c-: arg; do
case $arg in
a ) ARG_A=true ;;
b ) ARG_B="$OPTARG" ;;
c ) ARG_C=true ;;
- ) LONG_OPTARG="${OPTARG#*=}"
case $OPTARG in
alpha ) ARG_A=true ;;
bravo=?* ) ARG_B="$LONG_OPTARG" ;;
bravo* ) echo "No arg for --$OPTARG option" >&2; exit 2 ;;
charlie ) ARG_C=true ;;
alpha* | charlie* )
echo "No arg allowed for --$OPTARG option" >&2; exit 2 ;;
'' ) break ;; # "--" terminates argument processing
* ) echo "Illegal option --$OPTARG" >&2; exit 2 ;;
esac ;;
\? ) exit 2 ;; # getopts already reported the illegal option
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1)) # remove parsed options and args from $@ list
当参数是破折号(-
)时,它还有两个组件:标志名称和(可选)其参数。我用任何命令划分这些标准方式,第一个等号(=
)。因此,$LONG_OPTARG
仅仅是没有国旗名称或等号的$OPTARG
的内容。
内部case
手动实现长选项,因此需要一些内务处理:
bravo=?
匹配--bravo=foo
而不是--bravo=
(注意:case
在第一场比赛后停止)bravo*
跟随,注意到在--bravo
和--bravo=
缺少必要的论点alpha* | charlie*
抓住了不支持它们的选项的论据''
的存在是为了支持恰好以破折号开头的非选项*
捕获所有其他长选项并重新创建getopts为无效选项抛出的错误您不一定需要所有这些家政用品。例如,也许你希望--bravo
有一个可选参数(由于-b
的限制,getopts
无法支持)。只需删除=?
和相关的失败案例,然后在第一次使用${ARG_B:=$DEFAULT_ARG_B}
时调用$ARG_B
。
要接受带有空格分隔参数的长选项,您需要一个(相当安全的)eval
:
bravo=?* ) ARG_B="$LONG_OPTARG" ;;
bravo ) eval "ARG_B=\"\$$OPTIND\""
if [ -z "$ARG_B" ]; then
echo "No arg for --$OPTARG option" >&2; exit 2
fi
OPTIND=$((OPTIND+1)) ;;
bravo* ) echo "No arg for --$OPTARG option" >&2; exit 2 ;;
在=
赋值版本之后直接添加的这个附加子句运行eval
来解释当时正在解释的选项之后的参数值。 Bash可以使用indirect expansion更加干净,ARG_B="${!OPTIND}"
和Zsh可以用parameter expansion P
flag,ARGB="${(P)OPTIND}"
做到这一点,但eval
需要是完全便携的POSIX。 $OPTIND
是一个引用下一个shell论证的数字,比如$2
(意思是$1
是--bravo
)。 eval
然后将解释ARG_B="$2"
,因为它被引用括号,它是安全的滥用(我找不到一种方法来欺骗它做一些不合适的事情)。
保证非空值是非常重要的,并且需要实际检查它,因此我们有条件并在这种情况下产生致命错误。如果允许它为空,则需要对$OPTIND
的递增进行条件化,否则会遇到无限循环。 [ $# -gt $OPTIND ] && OPTIND=$((OPTIND+1))
应该这样做。
此附加子句的最后一部分增加$OPTIND
以正确吸收选项的参数并继续下一个选项。
看看shFlags这是一个可移植的shell库(意思是:sh,bash,dash,ksh,zsh在Linux上,Solaris等)。
它使添加新标志就像在脚本中添加一行一样简单,它提供了一个自动生成的使用功能。
这是一个使用shFlag的简单Hello, world!
:
#!/bin/sh
# source shflags from current directory
. ./shflags
# define a 'name' command-line string flag
DEFINE_string 'name' 'world' 'name to say hello to' 'n'
# parse the command-line
FLAGS "$@" || exit 1
eval set -- "${FLAGS_ARGV}"
# say hello
echo "Hello, ${FLAGS_name}!"
对于具有支持长选项(例如Linux)的增强型getopt的操作系统,您可以执行以下操作:
$ ./hello_world.sh --name Kate
Hello, Kate!
其余的,你必须使用短选项:
$ ./hello_world.sh -n Kate
Hello, Kate!
添加新标志就像添加新的DEFINE_ call
一样简单。
getopts
with short/long options and argumentsOptions=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty
function _usage()
{
###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
cat <<EOF
foobar $Options
$*
Usage: foobar <[options]>
Options:
-b --bar Set bar to yes ($foo)
-f --foo Set foo to yes ($bart)
-h --help Show this message
-A --arguments=... Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
-B --barfoo Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
-F --foobar Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}
[ $# = 0 ] && _usage " >>>>>>>> no options given "
getops
有长/短旗以及长争论while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
case "$OPTION" in
b ) sbar=yes ;;
f ) sfoo=yes ;;
h ) _usage ;;
A ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG" ;;
B ) sbarfoo=yes ;;
F ) sfoobar=yes ;;
- ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
eval OPTION="\$$optind"
OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
case $OPTION in
--foo ) lfoo=yes ;;
--bar ) lbar=yes ;;
--foobar ) lfoobar=yes ;;
--barfoo ) lbarfoo=yes ;;
--help ) _usage ;;
--arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG" ;;
* ) _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
esac
OPTIND=1
shift
;;
? ) _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) " ;;
esac
done
##################################################################
echo "----------------------------------------------------------"
echo "RESULT short-foo : $sfoo long-foo : $lfoo"
echo "RESULT short-bar : $sbar long-bar : $lbar"
echo "RESULT short-foobar : $sfoobar long-foobar : $lfoobar"
echo "RESULT short-barfoo : $sbarfoo long-barfoo : $lbarfoo"
echo "RESULT short-arguments: $sarguments with Argument = \"$sARG\" long-arguments: $larguments and $lARG"
#!/bin/bash
# foobar: getopts with short and long options AND arguments
function _cleanup ()
{
unset -f _usage _cleanup ; return 0
}
## Clear out nested functions on exit
trap _cleanup INT EXIT RETURN
###### some declarations for this example ######
Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty
function _usage()
{
###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
cat <<EOF
foobar $Options
$*
Usage: foobar <[options]>
Options:
-b --bar Set bar to yes ($foo)
-f --foo Set foo to yes ($bart)
-h --help Show this message
-A --arguments=... Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
-B --barfoo Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
-F --foobar Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}
[ $# = 0 ] && _usage " >>>>>>>> no options given "
##################################################################
####### "getopts" with: short options AND long options #######
####### AND short/long arguments #######
while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
case "$OPTION" in
b ) sbar=yes ;;
f ) sfoo=yes ;;
h ) _usage ;;
A ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG" ;;
B ) sbarfoo=yes ;;
F ) sfoobar=yes ;;
- ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
eval OPTION="\$$optind"
OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
case $OPTION in
--foo ) lfoo=yes ;;
--bar ) lbar=yes ;;
--foobar ) lfoobar=yes ;;
--barfoo ) lbarfoo=yes ;;
--help ) _usage ;;
--arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG" ;;
* ) _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
esac
OPTIND=1
shift
;;
? ) _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) " ;;
esac
done
其他方式...
# translate long options to short
for arg
do
delim=""
case "$arg" in
--help) args="${args}-h ";;
--verbose) args="${args}-v ";;
--config) args="${args}-c ";;
# pass through anything else
*) [[ "${arg:0:1}" == "-" ]] || delim="\""
args="${args}${delim}${arg}${delim} ";;
esac
done
# reset the translated args
eval set -- $args
# now we can process with getopt
while getopts ":hvc:" opt; do
case $opt in
h) usage ;;
v) VERBOSE=true ;;
c) source $OPTARG ;;
\?) usage ;;
:)
echo "option -$OPTARG requires an argument"
usage
;;
esac
done