在Python中我使用了这样的请求：
requests.put(
webdavURL,
auth=(tUsername, tPassword),
data=webdavFpb,
verify=False,
cert=("/path/to/file.pem", "/path/to/file.key"))
非常简单。
现在我需要使用Apache HttpClient在Java中实现相同的功能。在使用HttpClient发出请求时如何传递客户端证书？
我认为主要的区别在于，在java中，你通常把密钥和证书放到key store并从那里使用它。就像你经常提到的那样，人们确实想要为它使用一个单独的库，就像提到的httpcomponents client一样（就像你在python示例中使用requests library一样）。
以下是使用前面提到的库来使用密钥库中的客户端证书的示例：
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.ssl.SSLContexts;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import org.junit.Test;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
public class MyClientCertTest {
private static final String KEYSTOREPATH = "/clientkeystore.jks"; // or .p12
private static final String KEYSTOREPASS = "keystorepass";
private static final String KEYPASS = "keypass";
KeyStore readStore() throws Exception {
try (InputStream keyStoreStream = this.getClass().getResourceAsStream(KEYSTOREPATH)) {
KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS"); // or "PKCS12"
keyStore.load(keyStoreStream, KEYSTOREPASS.toCharArray());
return keyStore;
}
}
@Test
public void readKeyStore() throws Exception {
assertNotNull(readStore());
}
@Test
public void performClientRequest() throws Exception {
SSLContext sslContext = SSLContexts.custom()
.loadKeyMaterial(readStore(), KEYPASS.toCharArray()) // use null as second param if you don't have a separate key password
.build();
HttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.custom().setSSLContext(sslContext).build();
HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(new HttpGet("https://slsh.iki.fi/client-certificate/protected/"));
assertEquals(200, response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
EntityUtils.consume(entity);
}
}
依赖版本的Maven pom：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.acme</groupId>
<artifactId>httptests</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
<version>4.5.3</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.9</version>
<!-- this is not needed, but useful if you want to debug what's going
on with your connection -->
<configuration>
<argLine>-Djavax.net.debug=all</argLine>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
我还发布了一个简单的test page来测试客户端证书。
为了证明它可以完成，下面是使用标准java api使用客户端证书的示例，没有额外的库。
import org.junit.Test;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManager;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.KeyStore;
public class PlainJavaHTTPS2Test {
@Test
public void testJKSKeyStore() throws Exception {
final String KEYSTOREPATH = "clientkeystore.jks";
final char[] KEYSTOREPASS = "keystorepass".toCharArray();
final char[] KEYPASS = "keypass".toCharArray();
try (InputStream storeStream = this.getClass().getResourceAsStream(KEYSTOREPATH)) {
setSSLFactories(storeStream, "JKS", KEYSTOREPASS, KEYPASS);
}
testPlainJavaHTTPS();
}
@Test
public void testP12KeyStore() throws Exception {
final String KEYSTOREPATH = "clientkeystore.p12";
final char[] KEYSTOREPASS = "keystorepass".toCharArray();
final char[] KEYPASS = "keypass".toCharArray();
try (InputStream storeStream = this.getClass().getResourceAsStream(KEYSTOREPATH)) {
setSSLFactories(storeStream, "PKCS12", KEYSTOREPASS, KEYPASS);
}
testPlainJavaHTTPS();
}
private static void setSSLFactories(InputStream keyStream, String keystoreType, char[] keyStorePassword, char[] keyPassword) throws Exception
{
KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(keystoreType);
keyStore.load(keyStream, keyStorePassword);
KeyManagerFactory keyFactory =
KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
keyFactory.init(keyStore, keyPassword);
KeyManager[] keyManagers = keyFactory.getKeyManagers();
SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL");
sslContext.init(keyManagers, null, null);
SSLContext.setDefault(sslContext);
}
public void testPlainJavaHTTPS() throws Exception {
String httpsURL = "https://slsh.iki.fi/client-certificate/protected/";
URL myUrl = new URL(httpsURL);
HttpsURLConnection conn = (HttpsURLConnection)myUrl.openConnection();
try (InputStream is = conn.getInputStream()) {
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
String inputLine;
while ((inputLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(inputLine);
}
}
}
}
这是第三个版本，代码量最少，但它依赖于以下事实：a）密钥库是磁盘上的文件，而不是jar，b）密钥密码必须与密钥库密码相同。
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.net.URL;
import java.io.*;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
public class PlainJavaHTTPSTest {
@BeforeClass
public static void setUp() {
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStore", "/full/path/to/clientkeystore-samepassword.jks");
System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword", "keystorepass");
}
@Test
public void testPlainJavaHTTPS() throws Exception {
String httpsURL = "https://slsh.iki.fi/client-certificate/protected/";
URL myUrl = new URL(httpsURL);
HttpsURLConnection conn = (HttpsURLConnection)myUrl.openConnection();
try (InputStream is = conn.getInputStream()) {
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
String inputLine;
while ((inputLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(inputLine);
}
}
}
}
上面在代码中设置的属性当然也可以作为启动参数，-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStore=/full/path/to/clientkeystore-samepassword.jks和-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword=keystorepass给出。
如果要使用Apache HTTP客户端而不是Java HTTP客户端，则必须向SSLFactory提供密钥库，并配置DefaultHTTPClient以在HTTPS协议中使用它。
你可以找到一个有效的例子here。
我希望有所帮助。