用于计算斐波那契的模板元编程

问题描述 投票:0回答:1

[最近一次求职面试中,我要求给出第三类斐波那契数列的第100个元素的结果(Fib(n)= Fib(n-1)+ Fib(n-2)+ Fib(n-3)我完成了数学归纳法,并构造了一个表示大于long long的数字的类,然后要求我通过模板元编程来实现它,问题是结果将超出long long的范围,我不知道如何解决此问题。这是我使用模板元编程的代码。

template<long long num>
struct fib
{
    enum { result = fib<num - 1>::result + fib<num - 2>::result + fib<num - 3>::result};
};

template<>
struct fib<0>
{
    enum { result = 1 };
};

template<>
struct fib<1>
{
    enum { result = 1 };
};

template<>
struct fib<2>
{
    enum { result = 2 };
};

template<>
struct fib<3>
{
    enum { result = 4 };
};

int main()
{

    cout << fib<100>::result << endl;

    return 0;
}
c++ templates metaprogramming fibonacci biginteger
1个回答
0
投票

一种可能的实现是使用自定义结构来存储数字,而不是内置类型。例如,您可以存储这样的数字:

template <int... Digits>
struct number<Digits... > { };

为了简单起见,在添加时,我以相反的顺序存储数字,因此数字275被存储为number<5, 7, 2>

Fibonacci只需要加法,因此您只需定义加法,例如模板add(有关实际实现,请参见答案的结尾)。

然后您可以非常轻松地定义fib模板:

template <int N>
struct fib_impl {
    using type = add_t<
        typename fib_impl<N-1>::type, 
        typename fib_impl<N-2>::type,
        typename fib_impl<N-3>::type>;
};

template <>
struct fib_impl<0> { using type = number<0>; };
template <>
struct fib_impl<1> { using type = number<0>; };
template <>
struct fib_impl<2> { using type = number<1>; };

template <int N>
using fib = typename fib_impl<N>::type;

并且使用适当的输出运算符(请参见下文),您可以打印第100个Tribonacci数字:

int main() {
    std::cout << fib<100>{} << "\n";
}

operator<<的实现:

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, number<>) {
    return out;
}

template <int Digit, int... Digits>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, number<Digit, Digits... >) {
    // Do not forget that number<> is in reverse order:
    return out << number<Digits... >{} << Digit;
}

add模板的实现:

  1. 这是一个用于连接数字的小型cat实用程序:
// Small concatenation utility:
template <class N1, class N2>
struct cat;

template <int... N1, int... N2>
struct cat<number<N1... >, number<N2... >> {
    using type = number<N1... , N2...>;
};

template <class N1, class N2>
using cat_t = typename cat<N1, N2>::type;
  1. 实际执行的加法:
template <class AccNumber, int Carry, class Number1, class Number2>
struct add_impl;

template <class AccNumber, int Carry>
struct add_impl<AccNumber, Carry, number<>, number<>> {
    using type = std::conditional_t<Carry == 0, AccNumber, cat_t<AccNumber, number<1>>>;
};

template <class AccNumber, int Carry,
          int Digit2, int... Digits2>
struct add_impl<AccNumber, Carry, number<>, number<Digit2, Digits2...>> {
    using type = typename add_impl<
        cat_t<AccNumber, number<(Digit2 + Carry) % 10>>,
        (Digit2 + Carry) / 10,
        number<Digits2... >, number<>>::type;
};
template <class AccNumber, int Carry,
          int Digit1, int... Digits1>
struct add_impl<AccNumber, Carry, number<Digit1, Digits1... >, number<>> {
    using type = typename add_impl<
        cat_t<AccNumber, number<(Digit1 + Carry) % 10>>,
        (Digit1 + Carry) / 10,
        number<Digits1... >, number<>>::type;
};

template <class AccNumber, int Carry,
          int Digit1, int... Digits1, int Digit2, int... Digits2>
struct add_impl<AccNumber, Carry, number<Digit1, Digits1... >, number<Digit2, Digits2...>> {
    using type = typename add_impl<
                    cat_t<AccNumber, number<(Digit1 + Digit2 + Carry) % 10>>,
                    (Digit1 + Digit2 + Carry) / 10,
                    number<Digits1... >, number<Digits2... >>::type;
};
  1. 一个简短的包装:
template <class... Numbers>
struct add;

template <class Number>
struct add<Number> {
    using type = Number;
};

template <class Number, class... Numbers>
struct add<Number, Numbers... > {
    using type = typename add_impl<
        number<>, 0, Number, typename add<Numbers... >::type>::type;
};


template <class... Numbers>
using add_t = typename add<Numbers... >::type;

0
投票

我不知道模板的现成的速动精度功能。但是,玩具数字类型很容易写:

template <long long H,long long L> 
struct my_number {
    static const long long high = H;
    static const long long low = L;
    static const long long mod = 10000000000;
    static void print() {
        std::cout << high << setw(10) << setfill('0') << low;
    }
};

将结果的最后10位存储在low中,将前导位存储在high中。可以通过

将两个my_number相加
template <typename A,typename B>
struct sum {
    static const long long low = (A::low + B::low) % A::mod;
    static const long long high = A::high + B::high + (A::low + B::low) / A::mod;
    using number = my_number<high,low>;
};

以及3个数字:

template <typename A,typename B,typename C>
struct sum3 { using number = typename sum<A,sum<B,C>>::number; };

如上所述,这只是一个玩具示例。无论如何,一旦您的数字类型可以表示足够大的数字,则只需稍加修改即可调整fib

template<long long num> struct fib {
    using result_t = typename sum3< typename fib<num-1>::result_t, 
                                    typename fib<num-2>::result_t,
                                    typename fib<num-3>::result_t
                                   >::number;
};

template<> struct fib<0> { using result_t = my_number<0,1>; };
template<> struct fib<1> { using result_t = my_number<0,1>; };
template<> struct fib<2> { using result_t = my_number<0,2>; };
template<> struct fib<3> { using result_t = my_number<0,4>; };

int main() {
    fib<100>::result_t::print();
}

我找不到正确值fib<100>的可靠来源,因此很遗憾,我无法对此进行测试。完整示例为here

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