为什么此SPARQL查询返回某些项目作为主题？

Question

我有以下数据图：

@prefix hr: <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix sch: <http://schema.org/> .
@prefix xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

hr:Another a rdfs:Class .

hr:Employee a rdfs:Class ;
    rdfs:label "model" ;
    rdfs:comment "a good employee" .

hr:Longer a hr:Employee ;
    rdfs:label "model" ;
    rdfs:comment "a good employee" .

hr:freestanding a rdf:Property ;
    sch:rangeIncludes sch:Text .

hr:missing rdfs:comment "some comment about missing" .

hr:name a rdf:Property ;
    sch:domainIncludes hr:Employee .

hr:nosuper a rdf:Property ;
    sch:domainIncludes hr:Uncreated ;
    sch:rangeIncludes sch:Text .

hr:randomtype a hr:invalidtype ;
    rdfs:label "some label about randomtype" ;
    rdfs:comment "some comment about randomtype" .

hr:typo a rdfs:Classs ;
    rdfs:label "some label about typo" ;
    rdfs:comment "some comment about typo" .

三元组中定义的唯一主题是hr：Another，hr：Employee，hr：Longer，hr：freestanding，hr：missing，hr：name，hr：nosuper，hr：randomtype和hr：typo。作为证明，当我运行查询时：

SELECT DISTINCT ?s 
WHERE {
    ?s ?p ?o .    
}

我得到结果：

--------------------------------------------------------------
| s                                                          |
==============================================================
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#freestanding> |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#Another>      |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#typo>         |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#nosuper>      |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#Employee>     |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#randomtype>   |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#Longer>       |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#missing>      |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#name>         |
--------------------------------------------------------------

但是，如果我执行此SPARQL查询：

SELECT DISTINCT ?s
WHERE {
    {

            ?s rdf:type* ?o .    
    }
}

我得到以下结果：

--------------------------------------------------------------
| s                                                          |
==============================================================
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#Longer>       |
| rdfs:Class                                                 |
| sch:Text                                                   |
| "some comment about typo"                                  |
| "some label about typo"                                    |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#nosuper>      |
| "a good employee"                                          |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#Uncreated>    |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#missing>      |
| "some comment about randomtype"                            |
| "model"                                                    |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#freestanding> |
| "some label about randomtype"                              |
| "some comment about missing"                               |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#Another>      |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#invalidtype>  |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#typo>         |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#randomtype>   |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#Employee>     |
| rdfs:Classs                                                |
| rdf:Property                                               |
| <http://learningsparql.com/ns/humanResources#name>         |
--------------------------------------------------------------

我不确定为什么rdf：Property，“好员工”，sch：Text等项目不是数据图中的主题时会作为主题返回。

他们为什么？

显然，这与SPARQL如何处理我尚不了解的属性路径有关。

Answer 1

您正在使用具有零个或多个通配符（'*'）的属性路径。有效地，模式?s rdf:type* ?o表示“通过零个或多个类型关系连接到任何值?s的每个值?o”。