为什么多线程速度慢？

Question

实现了使用合并排序的具有1000000个节点的三个链表的多进程和多线程实现。我比较了已实现程序的实时性，但是多线程方法比较慢。为什么会这样？

process.c中的主要方法

    /* Insert nodes */
    Node* tmp = NULL;   
    int num;    
    for( int i = 0; i < MAX; i++ )
    {
        fscanf(fread,"%d",&num);    
        tmp = createNode(num , i ); 
        insertNode( &list1.head, &list1.tail, tmp );
        tmp = createNode(num , i ); 
        insertNode( &list2.head, &list2.tail, tmp );    
        tmp = createNode(num , i );
        insertNode( &list3.head, &list3.tail, tmp );    
        tmp = createNode(num , i ); 
    }
    free( tmp );    
    fclose(fread);  

    if ((t1 = times(&mytms)) == -1) {
        perror("times 1");
        exit(1);
    }

    pid1= fork();   
    if(pid1==0){
        mergeSort( &list1.head );   
        file_output(&list1);    
        freeAll( list1.head );
        exit(1);    
    }
    pid2= fork();   
    if(pid2==0){
        mergeSort( &list2.head );   
        file_output(&list2);    
        freeAll( list2.head );  
        exit(2);    
    }
    pid3 = fork();
    if(pid3==0){
        mergeSort( &list3.head );   
        file_output(&list3);    
        freeAll( list3.head );  
        exit(3);    
    }

    wait(&status);  
    wait(&status);
    wait(&status);

    if ((t2 = times(&mytms)) == -1) {   
        perror("times 2");
        exit(1);
    }

    printf("Real time : %.5f sec\n", (double)(t2 - t1) / CLK_TCK);
    printf("User time : %.5f sec\n", (double)mytms.tms_utime / CLK_TCK);
    printf("System time : %.5f sec\n", (double)mytms.tms_stime / CLK_TCK);

结果实时：1.65

main in thread.c

   /* Insert nodes */
   Node* tmp = NULL;   
   int num;           

   for( int i = 0; i < MAX; i++ )
   {
      fscanf(fread,"%d",&num); 
      tmp = createNode(num , i ); 
      insertNode( &list1.head, &list1.tail, tmp );  
      tmp = createNode(num , i );  
      insertNode( &list2.head, &list2.tail, tmp );  
      tmp = createNode(num , i );  
      insertNode( &list3.head, &list3.tail, tmp );  
   }

   free( tmp );
   fclose(fread);  

   if ((t1 = times(&mytms)) == -1) {
        perror("times 1");
        exit(1);
   }

   pthread_create( &t_id1, NULL, thread_func, &list1 );
   pthread_create( &t_id2, NULL, thread_func, &list2 );
   pthread_create( &t_id3, NULL, thread_func, &list3 );

   pthread_join( t_id1, (void*)&status );
   pthread_join( t_id2, (void*)&status );
   pthread_join( t_id3, (void*)&status );

   if ((t2 = times(&mytms)) == -1) {
        perror("times 2");
      exit(1);
   }

   printf("Real time : %.5f sec\n", (double)(t2 - t1) / CLK_TCK);
   printf("User time : %.5f sec\n", (double)mytms.tms_utime / CLK_TCK);  
   printf("System time : %.5f sec\n", (double)mytms.tms_stime / CLK_TCK);  

结果实时2.27

Answer 1

为什么多线程速度较慢？

它是特定于处理器的，并且与cores的编号，CPU caches的组织及其cache coherence相关。

同时也是compiler和optimization specific。阅读Dragon book。

它还取决于您的特定operating system和您的特定C standard library（例如GNU glibc与musl-libc不同），并且glibc 2.31在[[相同]]上的性能可能与glibc 2.30不同。 >计算机。您是否尝试过在最近的Linux上至少调用了最近的GCC 10 as？