Arduino的C ++：请问F（）宏使得函数内的任何意义吗？

问题描述 投票：1回答：2

所以有更多的可用内存留的F（）宏是存储在程序存储器（闪存），而不是动态工作存储器全局变量是有用的。

不过，我碰到包括在ESP8266图书馆这个混乱的例子。它工作正常，但是我对函数内的F（）宏的用法有些疑惑。它是有用的使用它里面的功能呢？

示例代码：

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <ESP8266WebServer.h>
#include <DNSServer.h>
#include <ESP8266mDNS.h>
#include <EEPROM.h>

/*
   This example serves a "hello world" on a WLAN and a SoftAP at the same time.
   The SoftAP allow you to configure WLAN parameters at run time. They are not setup in the sketch but saved on EEPROM.
   Connect your computer or cell phone to wifi network ESP_ap with password 12345678. A popup may appear and it allow you to go to WLAN config. If it does not then navigate to http://192.168.4.1/wifi and config it there.
   Then wait for the module to connect to your wifi and take note of the WLAN IP it got. Then you can disconnect from ESP_ap and return to your regular WLAN.
   Now the ESP8266 is in your network. You can reach it through http://192.168.x.x/ (the IP you took note of) or maybe at http://esp8266.local too.
   This is a captive portal because through the softAP it will redirect any http request to http://192.168.4.1/
*/

/* Set these to your desired softAP credentials. They are not configurable at runtime */
#ifndef APSSID
#define APSSID "TheGeekMan"
#define APPSK  "12345678"
#endif

const char *softAP_ssid = APSSID;
const char *softAP_password = APPSK;

/* hostname for mDNS. Should work at least on windows. Try http://esp8266.local */
const char *myHostname = "thegeekman";

/* Don't set this wifi credentials. They are configurated at runtime and stored on EEPROM */
char ssid[32] = "";
char password[32] = "";

// DNS server
const byte DNS_PORT = 53;
DNSServer dnsServer;

// Web server
ESP8266WebServer server(80);

/* Soft AP network parameters */
//IPAddress apIP(192, 168, 4, 1);
IPAddress apIP(8, 8, 8, 8);
IPAddress netMsk(255, 255, 255, 0);


/** Should I connect to WLAN asap? */
boolean connect;

/** Last time I tried to connect to WLAN */
unsigned long lastConnectTry = 0;

/** Current WLAN status */
unsigned int status = WL_IDLE_STATUS;

/** Is this an IP? */
boolean isIp(String str) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
    int c = str.charAt(i);
    if (c != '.' && (c < '0' || c > '9')) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

/** IP to String? */
String toStringIp(IPAddress ip) {
  String res = "";
  for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    res += String((ip >> (8 * i)) & 0xFF) + ".";
  }
  res += String(((ip >> 8 * 3)) & 0xFF);
  return res;
}

/** Load WLAN credentials from EEPROM */
void loadCredentials() {
  EEPROM.begin(512);
  EEPROM.get(0, ssid);
  EEPROM.get(0 + sizeof(ssid), password);
  char ok[2 + 1];
  EEPROM.get(0 + sizeof(ssid) + sizeof(password), ok);
  EEPROM.end();
  if (String(ok) != String("OK")) {
    ssid[0] = 0;
    password[0] = 0;
  }
  Serial.println("Recovered credentials:");
  Serial.println(ssid);
  Serial.println(strlen(password) > 0 ? "********" : "<no password>");
}

/** Store WLAN credentials to EEPROM */
void saveCredentials() {
  EEPROM.begin(512);
  EEPROM.put(0, ssid);
  EEPROM.put(0 + sizeof(ssid), password);
  char ok[2 + 1] = "OK";
  EEPROM.put(0 + sizeof(ssid) + sizeof(password), ok);
  EEPROM.commit();
  EEPROM.end();
}

/** Handle root or redirect to captive portal */
void handleRoot() {
  if (captivePortal()) { // If caprive portal redirect instead of displaying the page.
    return;
  }
  server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
  server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
  server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");

  String Page;
  Page += F(
            "<html><head></head><body>"
            "<h1>HELLO WORLD!!</h1>");
  if (server.client().localIP() == apIP) {
    Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the soft AP: ")) + softAP_ssid + F("</p>");
  } else {
    Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the wifi network: ")) + ssid + F("</p>");
  }
  Page += F(
            "<p>You may want to <a href='/wifi'>config the wifi connection</a>.</p>"
            "</body></html>");

  server.send(200, "text/html", Page);
}

/** Redirect to captive portal if we got a request for another domain. Return true in that case so the page handler do not try to handle the request again. */
boolean captivePortal() {
  if (!isIp(server.hostHeader()) && server.hostHeader() != (String(myHostname) + ".local")) {
    Serial.println("Request redirected to captive portal");
    server.sendHeader("Location", String("http://") + toStringIp(server.client().localIP()), true);
    server.send(302, "text/plain", "");   // Empty content inhibits Content-length header so we have to close the socket ourselves.
    server.client().stop(); // Stop is needed because we sent no content length
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/** Wifi config page handler */
void handleWifi() {
  server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
  server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
  server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");

  String Page;
  Page += F(
            "<html><head></head><body>"
            "<h1>Wifi config</h1>");
  if (server.client().localIP() == apIP) {
    Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the soft AP: ")) + softAP_ssid + F("</p>");
  } else {
    Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the wifi network: ")) + ssid + F("</p>");
  }
  Page +=
    String(F(
             "\r\n<br />"
             "<table><tr><th align='left'>SoftAP config</th></tr>"
             "<tr><td>SSID ")) +
    String(softAP_ssid) +
    F("</td></tr>"
      "<tr><td>IP ") +
    toStringIp(WiFi.softAPIP()) +
    F("</td></tr>"
      "</table>"
      "\r\n<br />"
      "<table><tr><th align='left'>WLAN config</th></tr>"
      "<tr><td>SSID ") +
    String(ssid) +
    F("</td></tr>"
      "<tr><td>IP ") +
    toStringIp(WiFi.localIP()) +
    F("</td></tr>"
      "</table>"
      "\r\n<br />"
      "<table><tr><th align='left'>WLAN list (refresh if any missing)</th></tr>");
  Serial.println("scan start");
  int n = WiFi.scanNetworks();
  Serial.println("scan done");
  if (n > 0) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      Page += String(F("\r\n<tr><td>SSID ")) + WiFi.SSID(i) + ((WiFi.encryptionType(i) == ENC_TYPE_NONE) ? F(" ") : F(" *")) + F(" (") + WiFi.RSSI(i) + F(")</td></tr>");
    }
  } else {
    Page += F("<tr><td>No WLAN found</td></tr>");
  }
  Page += F(
            "</table>"
            "\r\n<br /><form method='POST' action='wifisave'><h4>Connect to network:</h4>"
            "<input type='text' placeholder='network' name='n'/>"
            "<br /><input type='password' placeholder='password' name='p'/>"
            "<br /><input type='submit' value='Connect/Disconnect'/></form>"
            "<p>You may want to <a href='/'>return to the home page</a>.</p>"
            "</body></html>");
  server.send(200, "text/html", Page);
  server.client().stop(); // Stop is needed because we sent no content length
}

/** Handle the WLAN save form and redirect to WLAN config page again */
void handleWifiSave() {
  Serial.println("wifi save");
  server.arg("n").toCharArray(ssid, sizeof(ssid) - 1);
  server.arg("p").toCharArray(password, sizeof(password) - 1);
  server.sendHeader("Location", "wifi", true);
  server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
  server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
  server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
  server.send(302, "text/plain", "");    // Empty content inhibits Content-length header so we have to close the socket ourselves.
  server.client().stop(); // Stop is needed because we sent no content length
  saveCredentials();
  connect = strlen(ssid) > 0; // Request WLAN connect with new credentials if there is a SSID
}

void handleNotFound() {
  if (captivePortal()) { // If caprive portal redirect instead of displaying the error page.
    return;
  }
  String message = F("File Not Found\n\n");
  message += F("URI: ");
  message += server.uri();
  message += F("\nMethod: ");
  message += (server.method() == HTTP_GET) ? "GET" : "POST";
  message += F("\nArguments: ");
  message += server.args();
  message += F("\n");

  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < server.args(); i++) {
    message += String(F(" ")) + server.argName(i) + F(": ") + server.arg(i) + F("\n");
  }
  server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
  server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
  server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
  server.send(404, "text/plain", message);
}

void setup() {
  delay(1000);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println();
  Serial.println("Configuring access point...");
  /* You can remove the password parameter if you want the AP to be open. */
  WiFi.softAPConfig(apIP, apIP, netMsk);
  WiFi.softAP(softAP_ssid, softAP_password);
  delay(500); // Without delay I've seen the IP address blank
  Serial.print("AP IP address: ");
  Serial.println(WiFi.softAPIP());

  /* Setup the DNS server redirecting all the domains to the apIP */
  dnsServer.setErrorReplyCode(DNSReplyCode::NoError);
  dnsServer.start(DNS_PORT, "*", apIP);

  /* Setup web pages: root, wifi config pages, SO captive portal detectors and not found. */
  server.on("/", handleRoot);
  server.on("/wifi", handleWifi);
  server.on("/wifisave", handleWifiSave);
  server.on("/generate_204", handleRoot);  //Android captive portal. Maybe not needed. Might be handled by notFound handler.
  server.on("/fwlink", handleRoot);  //Microsoft captive portal. Maybe not needed. Might be handled by notFound handler.
  server.onNotFound(handleNotFound);
  server.begin(); // Web server start
  Serial.println("HTTP server started");
  loadCredentials(); // Load WLAN credentials from network
  connect = strlen(ssid) > 0; // Request WLAN connect if there is a SSID
}

void connectWifi() {
  Serial.println("Connecting as wifi client...");
  WiFi.disconnect();
  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  int connRes = WiFi.waitForConnectResult();
  Serial.print("connRes: ");
  Serial.println(connRes);
}

void loop() {
  if (connect) {
    Serial.println("Connect requested");
    connect = false;
    connectWifi();
    lastConnectTry = millis();
  }
  {
    unsigned int s = WiFi.status();
    if (s == 0 && millis() > (lastConnectTry + 60000)) {
      /* If WLAN disconnected and idle try to connect */
      /* Don't set retry time too low as retry interfere the softAP operation */
      connect = true;
    }
    if (status != s) { // WLAN status change
      Serial.print("Status: ");
      Serial.println(s);
      status = s;
      if (s == WL_CONNECTED) {
        /* Just connected to WLAN */
        Serial.println("");
        Serial.print("Connected to ");
        Serial.println(ssid);
        Serial.print("IP address: ");
        Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

        // Setup MDNS responder
        if (!MDNS.begin(myHostname)) {
          Serial.println("Error setting up MDNS responder!");
        } else {
          Serial.println("mDNS responder started");
          // Add service to MDNS-SD
          MDNS.addService("http", "tcp", 80);
        }
      } else if (s == WL_NO_SSID_AVAIL) {
        WiFi.disconnect();
      }
    }
    if (s == WL_CONNECTED) {
      MDNS.update();
    }
  }
  // Do work:
  //DNS
  dnsServer.processNextRequest();
  //HTTP
  server.handleClient();
}

的函数被存储在程序空间（程序存储器），所以该函数内的字符串也被编译成程序空间。那么，为什么他们使用F（）宏来强制存储在程序空间的字符串，而它通常已经从程序空间装？我认为这是不必要的开销，还是有什么好处，做这种方式？

例如，在源代码中，你可以发现许多内部功能这些任务的：

void handleWifi()
{
  String Page;
  Page+= F("<html><head></head><body>"
           "<h1>Wifi config</h1>");
  .........
  .........
}

这里有什么西港岛线发生的是，字符串是从程序空间到动态内存加载（如变量“页”）。那么，什么是真正的交易在这里？但是我认为C ++编译器会做一个更好的工作（优化）时，这只是一个简单的任务。

我说得对还是我错了？

c++ function memory-management arduino arduino-esp8266
2个回答
2
投票

好吧，我错了，对不起，F（）使得也感觉到里面的功能。为了证明这一点，我做了一些测试。

做了一些测试这个简单的草图（取消注释要测试的那个）：

// Printing 33 chars
// 1.
//void printStr() { Serial.println( "0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?" ); }
//void printStr() { Serial.println( F("0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?" )); }
// 2.
void printStr() { String s = "0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?"; Serial.println( s ); }
//void printStr() { String s; s+=F("0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?"); Serial.println( s ); }

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
 printStr();
 delay(1000);
}

结果：

如果不使用F（）26816个字节

The sketch uses 263136 bytes (25%) of program storage space. Maximum is 1044464 bytes.
Global variables use 26816 bytes (32%) of the dynamic memory. 
Remain 55104 bytes for local variables. Maximum is 81920 bytes.

与使用F（）26788个字节

The sketch uses 263212 bytes (25%) of program storage space. Maximum is 1044464 bytes.
Global variables use 26788 bytes (32%) of the dynamic memory. 
Remain 55132 bytes for local variables. Maximum is 81920 bytes.

-28字节有F差（）。不过没关系，现在我们知道了肯定的！ ;-)

更新2019年1月11日

背景资料为什么它的工作原理是这样的：

RAM被分成不同用途在不同的块。还有的地方所有的全局和静态变量的存储（又名BSS和数据区）一大块。还有的地方函数内创建的本地变量存储，最后还有堆，这就是动态变量存储堆栈。

如果您想了解更多有关的记忆这些块是如何相互关联的，你可以阅读更多的Wikipedia。

信息从这个article复制。

0
投票

这，也许是因为这里所描述的原因：http://playground.arduino.cc/Learning/Memory

有很多多个Flash（程序）的内存比可当您使用Arduino语言，如变量SRAM：

char message[] = "I support the Cape Wind project.";

要复制从程序存储器33个字节（1个炭= 1个字节，加上终止空）到SRAM使用它之前。 33个字节是不是在1024个字节的池大量的内存，但是，如果需要草图一些大的不变数据结构 - 诸如大量的文本发送到显示器，或大的查找表，例如 - 用闪速存储器（程序存储器），直接用于存储可以是唯一的选择。要做到这一点，使用PROGMEM关键字。

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