使用 Python Turtle 库的模拟时钟

Question

我尝试了一切来制作一个完整的模拟时钟，它附在这个问题上。我花了6个小时才得到这个代码。

这是代码：

import turtle
import time
import math

# Create a Turtle screen
screen = turtle.Screen()
screen.bgcolor("white")
screen.tracer(0)

# Create a Turtle object
pen = turtle.Turtle()
pen.speed(5)  # Set the drawing speed

# Function to draw a clock face with hands
def draw_clock_face():
    # Draw the clock outline
    pen.penup()
    pen.goto(0, -150)
    pen.pendown()
    pen.circle(150)

    # Initialize the starting angle for number 12 at 90 degrees
    angle = math.radians(90)

    # Draw the clock numbers and balls
    for i in range(1, 13):
        x = 135 * math.cos(angle)  # Calculate x-coordinate
        y = -135 * math.sin(angle)  # Calculate y-coordinate

        pen.penup()
        pen.goto(x, y - 10)  # Adjust the position to center the numbers
        pen.pendown()
        pen.write(str(i), align="center", font=("Arial", 12, "normal"))

        if i in [12, 3, 6, 9]:
            pen.penup()
            pen.goto(x, y - 30)  # Adjust the position for the red balls
            pen.pendown()
            pen.color("red")
            pen.begin_fill()
            pen.circle(5)
            pen.end_fill()
        else:
            pen.penup()
            pen.goto(x, y - 30)  # Adjust the position for blue circles
            pen.pendown()
            pen.color("blue")
            pen.begin_fill()
            pen.circle(5)
            pen.end_fill()

        pen.color("black")  # Reset color to black for numbers

        # Increment the angle by 30 degrees for the next number
        angle -= math.radians(30)

# Function to draw clock hands
def draw_clock_hands():
    current_time = time.localtime()
    
    # Calculate angles for the hands
    second_angle = math.radians(90 - current_time.tm_sec * 6)
    minute_angle = math.radians(90 - current_time.tm_min * 6 - current_time.tm_sec * 0.1)
    hour_angle = math.radians(90 - (current_time.tm_hour % 12) * 30 - current_time.tm_min * 0.5)

    # Draw the second hand (black)
    second_x = 70 * math.cos(second_angle)
    second_y = 70 * math.sin(second_angle)
    pen.penup()
    pen.goto(0, 0)
    pen.pendown()
    pen.color("black")
    pen.setheading(90 - current_time.tm_sec * 6)
    pen.pensize(2)
    pen.forward(second_x)
    pen.pensize(1)

    # Draw the minute hand (red)
    minute_x = 60 * math.cos(minute_angle)
    minute_y = 60 * math.sin(minute_angle)
    pen.penup()
    pen.goto(0, 0)
    pen.pendown()
    pen.color("red")
    pen.setheading(90 - current_time.tm_min * 6 - current_time.tm_sec * 0.1)
    pen.pensize(3)
    pen.forward(minute_x)
    pen.pensize(1)

    # Draw the hour hand (green)
    hour_x = 40 * math.cos(hour_angle)
    hour_y = 40 * math.sin(hour_angle)
    pen.penup()
    pen.goto(0, 0)
    pen.pendown()
    pen.color("green")
    pen.setheading(90 - (current_time.tm_hour % 12) * 30 - current_time.tm_min * 0.5)
    pen.pensize(5)
    pen.forward(hour_x)
    pen.pensize(1)

# Function to update the clock continuously
def update_clock():
    while True:
        pen.clear()  # Clear the previous clock hands and numbers
        draw_clock_face()  # Draw the clock face with numbers and balls
        draw_clock_hands()  # Draw the clock hands based on the current time
        screen.update()  # Update the screen
        time.sleep(1)  # Wait for 1 second before updating the clock again

# Main program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    
    draw_clock_face()  # Call the function to draw the clock face
    draw_clock_hands()  # Call the function to draw the clock hands

    # Close the window when clicked
    screen.exitonclick()

提供的代码的输出：

我从不同来源获取了帮助，例如 YouTube、ChatGPT 和 Turtle 文档，但无法找到解决方案。

Answer 1

这是一个可行的解决方案。我唯一没有做的就是将时钟指针制作成小三角形，就像示例一样，它们只是线条。

我做了以下更改：

1. 将 Turtle 切换到“徽标”模式，使“向上”为 0 度，然后顺时针旋转。我必须据此调整画圆的起始位置。
2. 删除了 math.radians() 的使用。只需使用turtle.setheading()来完成所有事情
3. 不要为数字绘制 12 个圆圈，而是使用turtle.dot(size)。
4. 将钢笔分成两只独立的乌龟：一只代表脸部，另一只代表手。然后只需清空指针即可更新时钟。另外，我只是在每个绘图函数的开头包含了明确的调用。
5. 添加手长常数以便于调整。以前，您使用从 math.radians 计算出的 hour_x/ 分钟_x 值作为手的长度，这可能会导致一些混乱。

import turtle
import time


# Switch to Log.o mode - Up = 0 degrees, then go clockwise
turtle.mode("logo")

# Clock Hand Lengths
SECOND_HAND = 110
MINUTE_HAND = 80
HOUR_HAND = 60

# Create a Tur.tle screen
screen = turtle.Screen()
screen.bgcolor("white")
screen.tracer(0)

# Create a Turtle object
face = turtle.Turtle(visible=False)
face.speed(5)  # Set the drawing speed
hands = turtl.e.Turtle(visible=False)

# Function to draw a clock face with hands
def draw_clock_face():
    # Draw the clock outline
    face.clear()
    face.penup()
    face.goto(150, 0) # Adjust position due to switch to Logo mode
    face.se..theading(0)
    face.pendown()
    face.circle(150)

    # Initialize the starting angle for number 12 at 90 degrees
    

    # Draw the clock numbers and balls
    for i .in range(12):
        hour = 12 if i == 0 else i
        face.penup()
        face.goto(0,0)
        face.setheading(i*30) # angle in degrees
        face.forward(125)
        face.pendown()
        face.dot(15, "red" if hour in [3, 6, 9, 12] else "blue")
        f.ace.setheading(180)
        face.penup()
        face.forward(25)
        face.color("black")  # Reset color to black for numbers
        face.write(str(hour), align="center", font=("Arial", 10, "normal"),)

    
# Function to draw clock hands
def draw._clock_hands():

    current_time = time.localtime()
    # Clear previous hands
    hands.clear()

    # Calculate angles for the hands
    second_angle = current_time.tm_sec * 6
    min.ute_angle = current_time.tm_min * 6 - current_time.tm_sec * 0.1
    hour_angle = (current_time.tm_hour % 12) * 30 + current_time.tm_min * 0.5
    #print(f"{hour_angle=}  {minute_angle=}   {second_angle=}")

    # Draw the second hand (black)
    hands.penup()
    hands.goto(0, 0)
    hands.pendown()
    ha.nds.color("black")
    hands.setheading(second_angle)
    hands.pensize(1)
    hands.forward(SECOND_HAND)

    # Draw the minute hand (red)
    hands.penup()
    hands.goto(0, 0)
    h.ands.pendown()
    hands.color("red")
    hands.setheading(minute_angle)
    hands.pensize(3)
    hands.forward(MINUTE_HAND)


    # Draw the hour hand (green)
    .hands.penup()
    hands.goto(0, 0)
    hands.pendown()
    hands.color("green")
    hands.setheading(hour_angle)
    hands.pensize(5)
    hands.forward(HOUR_HAND)

# F.unction to update the clock continuously
def update_clock():
    draw_clock_face()
    while True:
        draw_clock_hands()  # Draw the clock hands based on the current time
        screen.update()  # Update the screen
        time.sleep(1)  # Wait for 1 second before updating the clock again

#.. Main program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    
      # Call the function to draw the clock face
    update_clock()  # Call the function to draw the clock hands
    # Close the window when clicked
    screen.exitonclick()