最近，我一直在尝试用Python创建一个假的3D引擎。我说假是因为它并不是真正创建“Z”轴，而是刷新并重新创建用户应该在每一帧中看到的内容。为此，我使用了一种相对基本的光线投射技术（我从播放器发送多条光线，每次发送新光线时，我都会稍微倾斜它们的方向。每次光线接触墙壁时，都会计算它行进的距离及其光线数字（例如，如果第 45 条光线与墙壁碰撞，则其数字将为 45）被添加到列表中。所有这些对用户来说都是不可见的。但是，使用此信息，可以绘制多条垂直线不同的尺寸取决于墙的距离，或者光线传播的距离，以重现透视。问题是，为了完成所有这些，我每次都使用turtle.tracer(0)和turtle.update()当用户按下一个键来移动时，这样我就可以在每次角色应该移动时刷新屏幕。问题是，由于某种原因，每次玩家移动时，屏幕不仅需要一点时间来刷新但在显示新图像之前也会变成黑色（背景颜色），就好像我在turtle.tracer(0)之外使用turtle.clear()，但我没有这样做。 这是我的代码。我并不是真的希望有人会读它，因为它有 250 行代码，但我确实指定了它。
import turtle
import random
import tkinter
xScreenSize = 1225
yScreenSize = 720
turtle.screensize(xScreenSize, yScreenSize)
def _3DTracer(height, RapportDistance, list,AngleTot2D, NbRay):
"""
Entrees : height -> float , RapoortDistance -> float, list -> list, AngleTot2D -> int, NbRay -> int
The list contains 4 elements : the current angle, the number of the ray, legth of the ray divided by the max one,
the difference of brightness this ray has
"""
#turtle.tracer(0)
turtle.clear()
turtle.pu()
turtle.bgcolor(0,0,0)
lenList = len(list)
turtle.pensize(xScreenSize//AngleTot2D)
WallYCenter = 0
for f in range(lenList):
colDif = 250 - list[f][3]
if colDif > 255:
colDif = 255
print(colDif)
turtle.color(0,0,colDif)
currentX = list[f][1]/NbRay*xScreenSize - xScreenSize/2
turtle.pu()
turtle.goto(currentX, WallYCenter)
turtle.left(-turtle.heading() - 90) # -> Sets dir to up
WallHeight = yScreenSize - yScreenSize*list[f][2]
turtle.forward(WallHeight/2)
turtle.left(180)
turtle.pd()
turtle.forward(WallHeight)
turtle.pensize(1)
#turtle.update()
return 'ok'
def Update3DScreen(NbAngle, NbTot):
"""
Call: Update3DScreen(NbAngle,NbTot, OriginalAngle)
Entrees : NbTot -> int
OriginalAngle, NbAngle -> float
Return: /
Everytime this fonction is called, rays a created from the player's position and these rays keep moving strait
until they collide a wall (using the CheckInsideColliders() fonction)or reach their max range. Then, the direction turns by
NbAngle et it keeps going "NbTot" times. Everytime a wall is hit by a ray, it is added to the list
"""
print('NbTot',NbTot)
AngleEntreChaqueRayon = NbAngle/NbTot
listOfCollisionsFoundInRay = []
turtle.pd()
turtle.tracer(0)
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.left(-turtle.heading() + currentPlayerAngle)
for i in range (NbTot):
ColorDifference = 0
hi = 'hi'
shouldWrite = True
FreeToMove = True
count = 0
tailleMaxLigne = 450
while FreeToMove:
turtle.forward(5)
NotTouchedWall = CheckInsideColliders(FreeToMove, turtle.pos())
if not NotTouchedWall:
turtle.left(180)
newCount =0
while not NotTouchedWall:
turtle.forward(1)
NotTouchedWall = CheckInsideColliders(FreeToMove, turtle.pos())
newCount += 1
turtle.left(180)
listOfCollisionsFoundInRay.append([i * AngleEntreChaqueRayon, i,(count+5-newCount)/tailleMaxLigne, ColorDifference])
FreeToMove = False
else:
newCount = 0
if count >= tailleMaxLigne:
FreeToMove = False
shouldWrite = False
count += 5 - newCount
ColorDifference = count*255//tailleMaxLigne - 20
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.left(AngleEntreChaqueRayon)
if len(listOfCollisionsFoundInRay) != 0:
_3DTracer(0.5, count/tailleMaxLigne, listOfCollisionsFoundInRay, NbAngle, NbTot)
print(listOfCollisionsFoundInRay)
turtle.update()
turtle.left(-turtle.heading())
def CheckInsideColliders(Ok, Pos):
"""
Call : CheckInsideColliders(bool, Tuple)
Entrees : Ok -> bool
Returns : Ok -> bool
Verifies if the point Pos is situed in a collision zone, inside a wall. If it is, ok takes False,
otherwise it takes True
"""
LenColl = len(colliders)
for hi in range(LenColl):
if hi != 0 and hi%2 == 1:
if PreviousPoints[0] > colliders[hi][0]: #le x du nv point est plus petit que celui d avant
if PreviousPoints[1] > colliders[hi][1]:
if Pos[0] > PreviousPoints[0] or Pos[0] < colliders[hi][0] \
or Pos[1] > PreviousPoints[1] or Pos[1] < colliders[hi][1]:
Ok = True
else:
return False
else:
# x current > previous but y current < previous
if Pos[0] > PreviousPoints[0] or Pos[0] < colliders[hi][0] or Pos[1] < \
PreviousPoints[1] or Pos[1] > colliders[hi][1]:
Ok = True
else:
return False
else: # previous point x < current collider
if PreviousPoints[1] > colliders[hi][1]:
if Pos[0] < PreviousPoints[0] or Pos[0] > colliders[hi][0] \
or Pos[1] > PreviousPoints[1] or Pos[1] < colliders[hi][1]:
Ok = True
else:
return False
else : #previous point x < current collider and previous point y < current collider
if Pos[0] < PreviousPoints[0] or Pos[0] > colliders[hi][0] \
or Pos[1] < PreviousPoints[1] or Pos[1] > colliders[hi][1]:
Ok = True
else :
return False
PreviousPoints = colliders[hi]
return Ok
def up():
"""
Is called every time the right arrow is pressed. It changes the player's position and then calls Update3DScreen
to update the 3D perspective
"""
turtle.tracer(0)
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.left(-turtle.heading() + currentPlayerAngle)
turtle.forward(7)
globals()['currentPos'] = turtle.pos()
turtle.clear()
Update3DScreen(40,80)
turtle.update()
def down():
"""
Is called every time the right arrow is pressed. It changes the player's position and then calls Update3DScreen
to update the 3D perspective
"""
turtle.tracer(0)
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.left(-turtle.heading() + currentPlayerAngle)
turtle.forward(-7)
globals()['currentPos'] = turtle.pos()
turtle.clear()
Update3DScreen(40,80)
turtle.update()
def left():
"""
Is called every time the right arrow is pressed. It changes the camera's direction and then calls Update3DScreen
to update the 3D perspective
"""
turtle.tracer(0)
turtle.goto(currentPos)
globals()['currentPlayerAngle'] -= 5
turtle.clear()
Update3DScreen(40,80)
turtle.update()
def right():
"""
Is called every time the right arrow is pressed. It changes the camera's direction and then calls Update3DScreen
to update the 3D perspective
"""
#globals()['currentPos'] = (currentPos[0] + 4, currentPos[1]) #globals()[variable] permet de changer une variable
# globale dans une fonction
turtle.tracer(0)
turtle.goto(currentPos)
globals()['currentPlayerAngle'] += 5
turtle.clear()
Update3DScreen(40, 80)
#turtle.update()
def playerPos():
"""
When the map is created, it creates a random position for the player to go to that is outside wall collisions. After that,
it checks for key arrow presses and keeps track of the player's position
"""
global currentPos
basePosOk = False
while not basePosOk:
currentPos = [random.randint(- xScreenSize//2, xScreenSize//2),
random.randint(-yScreenSize//2, yScreenSize//2)]
basePosOk = CheckInsideColliders(basePosOk, currentPos)
print("currentPos : ", currentPos)
turtle.pu()
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.pd()
global currentPlayerAngle
currentPlayerAngle = 0
turtle.dot(8)
global currentPlayerOrientation
currentPlayerOrientation = 0
turtle.listen()
turtle.pu()
turtle.onkey(up, 'Up')
turtle.onkey(down, 'Down')
turtle.onkey(left, 'Left')
turtle.onkey(right, 'Right')
def echap():
"""
Fonctionnement : permet de continuer le programme donné dans cette fonction après avoir appuyé sur la touche "Echap"
Allows the program to keep going when the used finished creating the 2D map by pressing the "escape" arrow. It then makes
appear the 2D map that was just created and calls the playerPos() fonction.
"""
print("\n")
turtle.clear()
lenColl = len(colliders)
turtle.tracer(0)
for i in range(lenColl):
if i != 0 and i % 2 == 1:
turtle.pu()
turtle.goto(previousX, previousY)
turtle.pd()
turtle.goto(colliders[i][0], previousY)
turtle.goto(colliders[i][0], colliders[i][1])
turtle.goto(previousX, colliders[i][1])
turtle.goto(previousX, previousY)
turtle.pu()
previousX = colliders[i][0]
previousY = colliders[i][1]
print(previousX, previousY)
turtle.update()
playerPos()
def get_mouse_click_coor(x, y):
"""
:param x: float
:param y: float
Allows the user to create his own map by pressing anywhere on the screen. To keep track of where he pressed, turtle
places dots on those locations
"""
colliders.append([x, y])
turtle.tracer(0)
turtle.pu()
turtle.goto(x,y)
turtle.pd()
turtle.dot(5)
turtle.pu()
turtle.update()
print(x, y)
help(turtle.pos)
help(turtle.pensize)
turtle.colormode(255)
turtle.listen() # fait en sorte que turtle vérifie tt le tps que certaines touches aient étées pressées
count = 0
colliders = []
turtle.onscreenclick(get_mouse_click_coor)
turtle.onkey(echap, "Escape") # si l'utilisateur presse la touche "Echap", la fonction echap se lance
turtle.mainloop()
print(colliders)
为了找出问题所在，我删除了代码中的每个跟踪器（0）和更新（），但不知何故，海龟没有为任何东西设置动画。它只是表现得好像turtle.tracer(0) 和turtle.update() 函数仍然存在。
我已经检查了您的代码，并尝试在其他调整中解决您的
tracer()from turtle import Screen, Turtle
from random import randint
xScreenSize = 1225
yScreenSize = 720
def _3DTracer(height, RapportDistance, ray_list, AngleTot2D, NbRay):
"""
Entrees : height -> float, RapoortDistance -> float, ray_list -> list, AngleTot2D -> int, NbRay -> int
The ray_list contains 4 elements : the current angle, the number of the ray, length of the ray divided by the max one,
the difference of brightness this ray has
"""
# screen.bgcolor('black')
turtle.clear()
turtle.penup()
lenList = len(ray_list)
turtle.pensize(xScreenSize // AngleTot2D)
WallYCenter = 0
for f in range(lenList):
colDif = 250 - ray_list[f][3]
if colDif > 255:
colDif = 255
turtle.color(0, 0, colDif)
currentX = ray_list[f][1] / NbRay * xScreenSize - xScreenSize/2
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(currentX, WallYCenter)
turtle.left(-turtle.heading() - 90) # -> Sets direction to up
WallHeight = yScreenSize - yScreenSize * ray_list[f][2]
turtle.forward(WallHeight/2)
turtle.left(180)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(WallHeight)
turtle.pensize(1)
screen.update()
def Update3DScreen(NbAngle, NbTot):
"""
Call: Update3DScreen(NbAngle, NbTot)
Entrees:
NbAngle -> float
NbTot -> int
Return: /
Every time this function is called, rays are created from the player's position and these rays keep moving straight
until they collide with a wall (using the CheckInsideColliders() function) or reach their maximum range. Then, the
direction turns by NbAngle and it keeps going "NbTot" times. Every time a wall is hit by a ray, it is added to a list
"""
AngleEntreChaqueRayon = NbAngle / NbTot
listOfCollisionsFoundInRay = []
turtle.pendown()
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.left(currentPlayerAngle - turtle.heading())
for i in range(NbTot):
ColorDifference = 0
# shouldWrite = True
FreeToMove = True
my_count = 0
tailleMaxLigne = 450
while FreeToMove:
turtle.forward(5)
NotTouchedWall = CheckInsideColliders(FreeToMove, turtle.position())
if not NotTouchedWall:
turtle.left(180)
newCount = 0
while not NotTouchedWall:
turtle.forward(1)
NotTouchedWall = CheckInsideColliders(FreeToMove, turtle.position())
newCount += 1
turtle.left(180)
listOfCollisionsFoundInRay.append((i * AngleEntreChaqueRayon, i, (my_count+5 - newCount) / tailleMaxLigne, ColorDifference))
FreeToMove = False
else:
newCount = 0
if my_count >= tailleMaxLigne:
FreeToMove = False
# shouldWrite = False
my_count += 5 - newCount
ColorDifference = my_count*255 // tailleMaxLigne-20
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.left(AngleEntreChaqueRayon)
if len(listOfCollisionsFoundInRay) != 0:
_3DTracer(0.5, count/tailleMaxLigne, listOfCollisionsFoundInRay, NbAngle, NbTot)
screen.update()
turtle.left(-turtle.heading())
def CheckInsideColliders(Ok, Pos):
"""
Call : CheckInsideColliders(bool, Tuple)
Entrees : Ok -> bool
Returns : Ok -> bool
Verifies if the point Pos is situated in a collision zone, inside a wall. If it is, Ok goes False,
otherwise it goes True
"""
for i, collider in enumerate(colliders):
if i != 0 and i%2 == 1:
if PreviousPoints[0] > collider[0]: # le x du nv point est plus petit que celui d avant
if PreviousPoints[1] > collider[1]:
if Pos[0] > PreviousPoints[0] or Pos[0] < collider[0] or Pos[1] > PreviousPoints[1] or Pos[1] < collider[1]:
Ok = True
else:
return False
else:
# x current > previous but y current < previous
if Pos[0] > PreviousPoints[0] or Pos[0] < collider[0] or Pos[1] < PreviousPoints[1] or Pos[1] > collider[1]:
Ok = True
else:
return False
else: # previous point x < current collider
if PreviousPoints[1] > collider[1]:
if Pos[0] < PreviousPoints[0] or Pos[0] > collider[0] or Pos[1] > PreviousPoints[1] or Pos[1] < collider[1]:
Ok = True
else:
return False
else: # previous point x < current collider and previous point y < current collider
if Pos[0] < PreviousPoints[0] or Pos[0] > collider[0] or Pos[1] < PreviousPoints[1] or Pos[1] > collider[1]:
Ok = True
else:
return False
PreviousPoints = collider
return Ok
def up():
"""
Is called every time the right arrow is pressed. It changes the player's
position and then calls Update3DScreen to update the 3D perspective
"""
global currentPos
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.left(currentPlayerAngle - turtle.heading())
turtle.forward(7)
currentPos = turtle.position()
turtle.clear()
Update3DScreen(40, 80)
screen.update()
def down():
"""
Is called every time the right arrow is pressed. It changes the player's
position and then calls Update3DScreen to update the 3D perspective
"""
global currentPos
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.left(currentPlayerAngle - turtle.heading())
turtle.forward(-7)
currentPos = turtle.position()
turtle.clear()
Update3DScreen(40, 80)
screen.update()
def left():
"""
Is called every time the right arrow is pressed. It changes the camera's
direction and then calls Update3DScreen to update the 3D perspective
"""
global currentPlayerAngle
turtle.goto(currentPos)
currentPlayerAngle -= 5
turtle.clear()
Update3DScreen(40, 80)
screen.update()
def right():
"""
Is called every time the right arrow is pressed. It changes the camera's
direction and then calls Update3DScreen to update the 3D perspective
"""
global currentPlayerAngle
turtle.goto(currentPos)
currentPlayerAngle += 5
turtle.clear()
Update3DScreen(40, 80)
screen.update()
def playerPos():
"""
When the map is created, it creates a random position for the player to
go to that is outside wall collisions. After that,
"""
global currentPos, currentPlayerAngle, currentPlayerOrientation
basePosOk = False
while not basePosOk:
currentPos = randint(-xScreenSize//2, xScreenSize//2), randint(-yScreenSize//2, yScreenSize//2)
basePosOk = CheckInsideColliders(basePosOk, currentPos)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(currentPos)
turtle.pendown()
currentPlayerAngle = 0
turtle.dot(8)
currentPlayerOrientation = 0
turtle.penup()
screen.update()
def echap():
"""
Fonctionnement : permet de continuer le programme donné dans cette fonction après avoir appuyé sur la touche "Echap"
Allows the program to keep going when the user finished creating the 2D map by pressing the "escape" arrow. It then
makes the 2D map appear that was just created and calls the playerPos() function.
"""
turtle.clear()
for i, collider in enumerate(colliders):
if i != 0 and i % 2 == 1:
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(previousX, previousY)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.goto(collider[0], previousY)
turtle.goto(collider)
turtle.goto(previousX, collider[1])
turtle.goto(previousX, previousY)
turtle.penup()
previousX, previousY = collider
screen.update()
playerPos()
def get_mouse_click_coor(x, y):
"""
:param x: float
:param y: float
Allows the user to create his own map by pressing anywhere on the screen. To keep
track of where he pressed, turtle places dots on those locations
"""
colliders.append((x, y))
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(x, y)
turtle.dot(5)
screen.update()
screen = Screen()
screen.setup(xScreenSize, yScreenSize)
screen.tracer(False)
screen.colormode(255)
turtle = Turtle()
count = 0
colliders = []
currentPos = None
currentPlayerAngle = None
currentPlayerOrientation = None
screen.onkey(up, 'Up')
screen.onkey(down, 'Down')
screen.onkey(left, 'Left')
screen.onkey(right, 'Right')
screen.onkey(echap, "Escape") # si l'utilisateur presse la touche "Echap", la fonction echap se lance
screen.listen() # fait en sorte que turtle vérifie tt le tps que certaines touches aient étées pressées
screen.onclick(get_mouse_click_coor)
screen.mainloop()