如何从字符串绘制数学函数

问题描述 投票:0回答:1

我有一个字符串,

"x * (x - 32 ( 2 /x) )"
,它代表一个函数。如何使用
python
matplotlib
将此字符串转换为要绘制的点数组?

python string matplotlib evaluation math-functions
1个回答
9
投票

您可以使用 python

eval
函数将字符串转换为代码,但这很危险并且通常被认为是不好的风格

如果用户可以输入字符串,他们可以输入类似的内容

import subprocess; subprocess.check_call(['rm', '-rf', '*'], shell=True)

因此请确保为此建立合理的安全性。

您可以定义一个接受字符串并返回函数的函数。 我们需要做一些预处理,以允许用户更像他习惯的那样输入公式(^等):

白名单代替黑名单

定义允许和支持的单词似乎比将某些单词列入黑名单更好:

import re

replacements = {
    'sin' : 'np.sin',
    'cos' : 'np.cos',
    'exp': 'np.exp',
    'sqrt': 'np.sqrt',
    '^': '**',
}

allowed_words = [
    'x',
    'sin',
    'cos',
    'sqrt',
    'exp',
]

def string2func(string):
    ''' evaluates the string and returns a function of x '''
    # find all words and check if all are allowed:
    for word in re.findall('[a-zA-Z_]+', string):
        if word not in allowed_words:
            raise ValueError(
                '"{}" is forbidden to use in math expression'.format(word)
            )

    for old, new in replacements.items():
        string = string.replace(old, new)

    def func(x):
        return eval(string)

    return func


if __name__ == '__main__':

    func = string2func(input('enter function: f(x) = '))
    a = float(input('enter lower limit: '))
    b = float(input('enter upper limit: '))
    x = np.linspace(a, b, 250)

    plt.plot(x, func(x))
    plt.xlim(a, b)
    plt.show()

结果:

$ python test.py
enter function: f(x) = x^2
enter lower limit: 0
enter upper limit: 2

对于恶意用户:

enter function: f(x) = import subprocess; subprocess.check_call(['rm', '-rf', '*'], shell=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 35, in <module>
    func = string2func(input('enter function: f(x) = '))
  File "test.py", line 22, in string2func
    '"{}" is forbidden to use in math expression'.format(word)
ValueError: "import" is forbidden to use in math expression

将危险词语列入黑名单:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# there should be a better way using regex
replacements = {
    'sin' : 'np.sin',
    'cos' : 'np.cos',
    'exp': 'np.exp',
    '^': '**',
}

# think of more security hazards here
forbidden_words = [
    'import',
    'shutil',
    'sys',
    'subprocess',
]

def string2func(string):
    ''' evaluates the string and returns a function of x '''
    for word in forbidden_words:
        if word in string:
            raise ValueError(
                '"{}" is forbidden to use in math expression'.format(word)
            )

    for old, new in replacements.items():
        string = string.replace(old, new)

    def func(x):
        return eval(string)

    return func
© www.soinside.com 2019 - 2024. All rights reserved.