我正在尝试计算python中简单数据集中每列的方差膨胀因子（VIF）：
a b c d
1 2 4 4
1 2 6 3
2 3 7 4
3 2 8 5
4 1 9 4
我已经使用usdm library中的vif函数在R中完成了这个，它给出了以下结果：
a <- c(1, 1, 2, 3, 4)
b <- c(2, 2, 3, 2, 1)
c <- c(4, 6, 7, 8, 9)
d <- c(4, 3, 4, 5, 4)
df <- data.frame(a, b, c, d)
vif_df <- vif(df)
print(vif_df)
Variables VIF
a 22.95
b 3.00
c 12.95
d 3.00
但是，当我使用statsmodel vif function在python中执行相同操作时，我的结果是：
a = [1, 1, 2, 3, 4]
b = [2, 2, 3, 2, 1]
c = [4, 6, 7, 8, 9]
d = [4, 3, 4, 5, 4]
ck = np.column_stack([a, b, c, d])
vif = [variance_inflation_factor(ck, i) for i in range(ck.shape[1])]
print(vif)
Variables VIF
a 47.136986301369774
b 28.931506849315081
c 80.31506849315096
d 40.438356164383549
即使输入相同，结果也大不相同。一般来说，statsmodel VIF函数的结果似乎是错误的，但我不确定这是因为我调用它的方式还是函数本身的问题。
我希望有人可以帮我弄清楚我是否错误地调用了statsmodel函数或解释了结果中的差异。如果这是函数的问题，那么python中是否有任何VIF替代品？
我认为这是因为Python的OLS存在差异。在python方差膨胀系数计算中使用的OLS默认情况下不会添加截距。你肯定想在那里拦截。
您要做的是在矩阵中再添加一列，ck，填充一列以表示常量。这将是等式的截距项。完成此操作后，您的值应正确匹配。
编辑：用零替换零
正如其他人和由函数作者Josef Perktold在this post所提到的那样，variance_inflation_factor期望在解释变量矩阵中存在常数。可以使用statsmodels中的add_constant将所需的常量添加到数据帧，然后将其值传递给函数。
from statsmodels.stats.outliers_influence import variance_inflation_factor
from statsmodels.tools.tools import add_constant
df = pd.DataFrame(
{'a': [1, 1, 2, 3, 4],
'b': [2, 2, 3, 2, 1],
'c': [4, 6, 7, 8, 9],
'd': [4, 3, 4, 5, 4]}
)
X = add_constant(df)
>>> pd.Series([variance_inflation_factor(X.values, i)
for i in range(X.shape[1])],
index=X.columns)
const 136.875
a 22.950
b 3.000
c 12.950
d 3.000
dtype: float64
我相信您也可以使用assign将常量添加到数据框的最右侧列：
X = df.assign(const=1)
>>> pd.Series([variance_inflation_factor(X.values, i)
for i in range(X.shape[1])],
index=X.columns)
a 22.950
b 3.000
c 12.950
d 3.000
const 136.875
dtype: float64
源代码本身相当简洁：
def variance_inflation_factor(exog, exog_idx):
"""
exog : ndarray, (nobs, k_vars)
design matrix with all explanatory variables, as for example used in
regression
exog_idx : int
index of the exogenous variable in the columns of exog
"""
k_vars = exog.shape[1]
x_i = exog[:, exog_idx]
mask = np.arange(k_vars) != exog_idx
x_noti = exog[:, mask]
r_squared_i = OLS(x_i, x_noti).fit().rsquared
vif = 1. / (1. - r_squared_i)
return vif
修改代码以将所有VIF作为一个系列返回也相当简单：
from statsmodels.regression.linear_model import OLS
from statsmodels.tools.tools import add_constant
def variance_inflation_factors(exog_df):
'''
Parameters
----------
exog_df : dataframe, (nobs, k_vars)
design matrix with all explanatory variables, as for example used in
regression.
Returns
-------
vif : Series
variance inflation factors
'''
exog_df = add_constant(exog_df)
vifs = pd.Series(
[1 / (1. - OLS(exog_df[col].values,
exog_df.loc[:, exog_df.columns != col].values).fit().rsquared)
for col in exog_df],
index=exog_df.columns,
name='VIF'
)
return vifs
>>> variance_inflation_factors(df)
const 136.875
a 22.950
b 3.000
c 12.950
Name: VIF, dtype: float64
对于这个线程的未来来者（像我一样）：
import numpy as np
import scipy as sp
a = [1, 1, 2, 3, 4]
b = [2, 2, 3, 2, 1]
c = [4, 6, 7, 8, 9]
d = [4, 3, 4, 5, 4]
ck = np.column_stack([a, b, c, d])
cc = sp.corrcoef(ck, rowvar=False)
VIF = np.linalg.inv(cc)
VIF.diagonal()
这段代码给出了
array([22.95, 3. , 12.95, 3. ])
[编辑]
在回应评论时，我试图尽可能多地使用DataFrame（需要使用numpy来反转矩阵）。
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
a = [1, 1, 2, 3, 4]
b = [2, 2, 3, 2, 1]
c = [4, 6, 7, 8, 9]
d = [4, 3, 4, 5, 4]
df = pd.DataFrame({'a':a,'b':b,'c':c,'d':d})
df_cor = df.corr()
pd.DataFrame(np.linalg.inv(df.corr().values), index = df_cor.index, columns=df_cor.columns)
代码给出了
a b c d
a 22.950000 6.453681 -16.301917 -6.453681
b 6.453681 3.000000 -4.080441 -2.000000
c -16.301917 -4.080441 12.950000 4.080441
d -6.453681 -2.000000 4.080441 3.000000
对角元素给出了VIF。
如果你不想与variance_inflation_factor和add_constant打交道。请考虑以下两个功能。
1.在statasmodels中使用公式：
import pandas as pd
import statsmodels.formula.api as smf
def get_vif(exogs, data):
'''Return VIF (variance inflation factor) DataFrame
Args:
exogs (list): list of exogenous/independent variables
data (DataFrame): the df storing all variables
Returns:
VIF and Tolerance DataFrame for each exogenous variable
Notes:
Assume we have a list of exogenous variable [X1, X2, X3, X4].
To calculate the VIF and Tolerance for each variable, we regress
each of them against other exogenous variables. For instance, the
regression model for X3 is defined as:
X3 ~ X1 + X2 + X4
And then we extract the R-squared from the model to calculate:
VIF = 1 / (1 - R-squared)
Tolerance = 1 - R-squared
The cutoff to detect multicollinearity:
VIF > 10 or Tolerance < 0.1
'''
# initialize dictionaries
vif_dict, tolerance_dict = {}, {}
# create formula for each exogenous variable
for exog in exogs:
not_exog = [i for i in exogs if i != exog]
formula = f"{exog} ~ {' + '.join(not_exog)}"
# extract r-squared from the fit
r_squared = smf.ols(formula, data=data).fit().rsquared
# calculate VIF
vif = 1/(1 - r_squared)
vif_dict[exog] = vif
# calculate tolerance
tolerance = 1 - r_squared
tolerance_dict[exog] = tolerance
# return VIF DataFrame
df_vif = pd.DataFrame({'VIF': vif_dict, 'Tolerance': tolerance_dict})
return df_vif
2.在sklearn中使用LinearRegression：
# import warnings
# warnings.simplefilter(action='ignore', category=FutureWarning)
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
def sklearn_vif(exogs, data):
# initialize dictionaries
vif_dict, tolerance_dict = {}, {}
# form input data for each exogenous variable
for exog in exogs:
not_exog = [i for i in exogs if i != exog]
X, y = data[not_exog], data[exog]
# extract r-squared from the fit
r_squared = LinearRegression().fit(X, y).score(X, y)
# calculate VIF
vif = 1/(1 - r_squared)
vif_dict[exog] = vif
# calculate tolerance
tolerance = 1 - r_squared
tolerance_dict[exog] = tolerance
# return VIF DataFrame
df_vif = pd.DataFrame({'VIF': vif_dict, 'Tolerance': tolerance_dict})
return df_vif
例：
import seaborn as sns
df = sns.load_dataset('car_crashes')
exogs = ['alcohol', 'speeding', 'no_previous', 'not_distracted']
[In] %%timeit -n 100
get_vif(exogs=exogs, data=df)
[Out]
VIF Tolerance
alcohol 3.436072 0.291030
no_previous 3.113984 0.321132
not_distracted 2.668456 0.374749
speeding 1.884340 0.530690
69.6 ms ± 8.96 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
[In] %%timeit -n 100
sklearn_vif(exogs=exogs, data=df)
[Out]
VIF Tolerance
alcohol 3.436072 0.291030
no_previous 3.113984 0.321132
not_distracted 2.668456 0.374749
speeding 1.884340 0.530690
15.7 ms ± 1.4 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
波士顿数据示例：
VIF是通过辅助回归计算的，因此不依赖于实际拟合。
见下文：
from patsy import dmatrices
from statsmodels.stats.outliers_influence import variance_inflation_factor
import statsmodels.api as sm
# Break into left and right hand side; y and X
y, X = dmatrices(formula="medv ~ crim + zn + nox + ptratio + black + rm ", data=boston, return_type="dataframe")
# For each Xi, calculate VIF
vif = [variance_inflation_factor(X.values, i) for i in range(X.shape[1])]
# Fit X to y
result = sm.OLS(y, X).fit()
我根据我在Stack和CrossValidated上看到的其他帖子写了这个函数。它显示超过阈值的功能，并返回删除了功能的新数据帧。
from statsmodels.stats.outliers_influence import variance_inflation_factor
from statsmodels.tools.tools import add_constant
def calculate_vif_(df, thresh=5):
'''
Calculates VIF each feature in a pandas dataframe
A constant must be added to variance_inflation_factor or the results will be incorrect
:param X: the pandas dataframe
:param thresh: the max VIF value before the feature is removed from the dataframe
:return: dataframe with features removed
'''
const = add_constant(df)
cols = const.columns
variables = np.arange(const.shape[1])
vif_df = pd.Series([variance_inflation_factor(const.values, i)
for i in range(const.shape[1])],
index=const.columns).to_frame()
vif_df = vif_df.sort_values(by=0, ascending=False).rename(columns={0: 'VIF'})
vif_df = vif_df.drop('const')
vif_df = vif_df[vif_df['VIF'] > thresh]
print 'Features above VIF threshold:\n'
print vif_df[vif_df['VIF'] > thresh]
col_to_drop = list(vif_df.index)
for i in col_to_drop:
print 'Dropping: {}'.format(i)
df = df.drop(columns=i)
return df