在 Prolog 中将 peano 数 s(N) 转换为整数

问题描述 投票:0回答:4

我在教程中遇到了逻辑数的自然数评估,这让我有些头疼:

natural_number(0).
natural_number(s(N)) :- natural_number(N).

规则大致说:如果

N
0
它是自然数,如果不是我们尝试将
s/1
的内容递归地发送回规则直到内容是
0
,那么它是一个自然数如果不是那么它不是。

所以我测试了上面的逻辑实现,心想,如果我想将

s(0)
表示为
1
并将
s(s(0))
表示为
2
,那么这行得通,但我希望能够转换
s(0)
改为
1

我想到了基本规则:

sToInt(0,0). %sToInt(X,Y) Where X=s(N) and Y=integer of X

所以这是我的问题:如何将 s(0) 转换为 1 并将 s(s(0)) 转换为 2?

已回复

编辑: 我在实施中修改了基本规则,我接受的答案指向我:

decode(0,0). %was orignally decode(z,0).
decode(s(N),D):- decode(N,E), D is E +1.

encode(0,0). %was orignally encode(0,z).
encode(D,s(N)):- D > 0, E is D-1, encode(E,N).

所以我现在可以像我想的那样使用它了,谢谢大家!

prolog clpfd successor-arithmetics
4个回答
6
投票

这是另一个使用 SWI、YAP 或 SICStus 的

library(clpfd)
“双向”工作的解决方案

:- use_module(library(clpfd)).

natsx_int(0, 0).
natsx_int(s(N), I1) :-
   I1 #> 0,
   I2 #= I1 - 1,
   natsx_int(N, I2).

4
投票

没问题

nest_right/4
串联 Prolog lambdas!

:- use_module(library(lambda)).
:- use_module(library(clpfd)).

:- meta_predicate nest_right(2,?,?,?).
nest_right(P_2,N,X0,X) :-
   zcompare(Op,N,0),
   ord_nest_right_(Op,P_2,N,X0,X).

:- meta_predicate ord_nest_right_(?,2,?,?,?).
ord_nest_right_(=,_,_,X,X).
ord_nest_right_(>,P_2,N,X0,X2) :-
   N0 #= N-1,
   call(P_2,X1,X2),
   nest_right(P_2,N0,X0,X1).

示例查询:

?- nest_right(\X^s(X)^true,3,0,N).
N = s(s(s(0))).                 % succeeds deterministically

?- nest_right(\X^s(X)^true,N,0,s(s(0))).
N = 2 ;                         % succeeds, but leaves behind choicepoint
false.                          % terminates universally

0
投票

这是我的:

实际上更适合Prolog的Peano数,以列表的形式。

为什么列出?

  • 之间存在同构
    • 长度为 N 的列表只包含
      s
      并终止于空列表
    • 具有函数符号的深度 N 的递归线性结构
      s
      终止于符号
      zero
    • ...所以这些是相同的东西(至少在这种情况下)。
  • 没有特别的理由坚持 19 世纪的数学家 (即Giuseppe Peano) 被认为是“可以推理的良好结构结构”(源于功能 我想象的应用程序)。
  • 之前有人做过:有没有人真的用哥德尔化来编码 字符串?不!人们使用字符数组。喜欢那个。

我们开始吧,中间有一个小谜语我不会 解决(使用带注释的变量,也许?)

% ===
% Something to replace (frankly badly named and ugly) "var(X)" and "nonvar(X)"
% ===

ff(X) :- var(X).     % is X a variable referencing a fresh/unbound/uninstantiated term? (is X a "freshvar"?)
bb(X) :- nonvar(X).  % is X a variable referencing an nonfresh/bound/instantiated term? (is X a "boundvar"?)

% ===
% This works if:
% Xn is boundvar and Xp is freshvar: 
%    Map Xn from the domain of integers >=0 to Xp from the domain of lists-of-only-s.
% Xp is boundvar and Xn is freshvar: 
%    Map from the domain of lists-of-only-s to the domain of integers >=0
% Xp is boundvar and Xp is boundvar: 
%    Make sure the two representations are isomorphic to each other (map either
%    way and fail if the mapping gives something else than passed)
% Xp is freshvar and Xp is freshvar: 
%    WE DON'T HANDLE THAT!
%    If you have a freshvar in one domain and the other (these cannot be the same!)
%    you need to set up a constraint between the freshvars (via coroutining?) so that
%    if any of the variables is bound with a value from its respective domain, the
%    other is bound auotmatically with the corresponding value from ITS domain. How to
%    do that? I did it awkwardly using a lookup structure that is passed as 3rd/4th
%    argument, but that's not a solution I would like to see.
% ===

peanoify(Xn,Xp) :-
   (bb(Xn) -> integer(Xn),Xn>=0 ; true),                  % make sure Xn is a good value if bound
   (bb(Xp) -> is_list(Xp),maplist(==(s),Xp) ; true),      % make sure Xp is a good value if bound 
   ((ff(Xn),ff(Xp)) -> throw("Not implemented!") ; true), % TODO
   length(Xp,Xn),maplist(=(s),Xp).

% ===
% Testing is rewarding! 
% Run with: ?- rt(_).
% ===

:- begin_tests(peano).

test(left0,true(Xp=[]))          :- peanoify(0,Xp).
test(right0,true(Xn=0))          :- peanoify(Xn,[]).
test(left1,true(Xp=[s]))         :- peanoify(1,Xp).
test(right1,true(Xn=1))          :- peanoify(Xn,[s]).
test(left2,true(Xp=[s,s]))       :- peanoify(2,Xp).
test(right2,true(Xn=2))          :- peanoify(Xn,[s,s]).
test(left3,true(Xp=[s,s,s]))     :- peanoify(3,Xp).
test(right3,true(Xn=3))          :- peanoify(Xn,[s,s,s]).
test(f1,fail)                    :- peanoify(-1,_).
test(f2,fail)                    :- peanoify(_,[k]).
test(f3,fail)                    :- peanoify(a,_).
test(f4,fail)                    :- peanoify(_,a).
test(f5,fail)                    :- peanoify([s],_).
test(f6,fail)                    :- peanoify(_,1).
test(bi0)                        :- peanoify(0,[]).
test(bi1)                        :- peanoify(1,[s]).
test(bi2)                        :- peanoify(2,[s,s]).

:- end_tests(peano).

rt(peano) :- run_tests(peano).

0
投票

不使用 clp:

peano_int(P, I) :-
    % Check integer, if provided
    (   nonvar(I)
    ->  integer(I),
        I @>= 0
    ;   true
    ),
    % 2nd arg is Peano, counting down
    peano_int_(0, s(P), P, 0, I).

peano_int_(PU, s(PD), P, IU, I) :-
    (   (   PD == 0
        ;   IU == I
        )
    % Finished
    ->  Eq = true
    ;   true
    ),
    peano_int_eq_(Eq, PU, PD, P, IU, I).

peano_int_eq_(true, P, 0, P, I, I).
peano_int_eq_(false, PU, PD, P, IU, I) :-
    IU1 is IU + 1,
    peano_int_(s(PU), PD, P, IU1, I).

在所有方向上都是确定性的:

?- peano_int(P, 3).
P = s(s(s(0))).

?- peano_int(s(s(s(0))), I).
I = 3.

?- peano_int(s(s(0)), 2).
true.
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