certbort 命令返回 ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'

问题描述 投票：0回答：5

我按照指南运行我的 python flask 应用程序，我在最后一步使用 certbot 将 http 更改为 https。但是当我运行我的 certbot 命令时 

sudo certbot --nginx -d domainname -d www.domainname
我得到 
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'

整个错误是：


Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/bin/certbot", line 11, in <module>
    load_entry_point('certbot==0.31.0', 'console_scripts', 'certbot')()
  File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 490, in load_entry_point
    return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name)
  File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2859, in load_entry_point
    return ep.load()
  File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2450, in load
    return self.resolve()
  File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2456, in resolve
    module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0)
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/main.py", line 10, in <module>
    import josepy as jose
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/josepy/__init__.py", line 44, in <module>
    from josepy.interfaces import JSONDeSerializable
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/josepy/interfaces.py", line 8, in <module>
    from josepy import errors, util
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/josepy/util.py", line 4, in <module>
    import OpenSSL
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/OpenSSL/__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
    from OpenSSL import crypto, SSL
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/OpenSSL/crypto.py", line 12, in <module>
    from cryptography import x509
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/x509/__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
    from cryptography.x509.base import (
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/x509/base.py", line 16, in <module>
    from cryptography.x509.extensions import Extension, ExtensionType
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/x509/extensions.py", line 18, in <module>
    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import constant_time, serialization
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/constant_time.py", line 9, in <module>
    from cryptography.hazmat.bindings._constant_time import lib
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'

我希望有人能提供帮助，因为我发现很多人都在问这个神秘的 _cffi_backend 问题。

更多信息：

如果我这样做

python3 -m pip install cffi
它说要求已经满足。

我在安装其他东西和尝试不同的人的解决方案时也遇到了这个错误。 

'ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'apt_pkg'
这似乎可以通过做
sudo apt-get install python3-apt --reinstall
来解决，但现在我得到：
ImportError: cannot import name '_gi' from partially initialized module 'gi' (most likely due to a circular import) (/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/gi/__init__.py)

我还与 /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/apt_pkg.so 建立了符号链接 -> apt_pkg.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so 其他人说的东西会起作用。我正在运行 python 3.8，但服务器上也可能有 3.6。如果我这样做 

python
它会打开 3.8 shell。我也在运行 ubuntu 18.04.4.

ls -al /usr/bin | grep python
给出：

-rwxr-xr-x  1 root   root        1056 Apr 16  2018 dh_python2
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          23 Nov  7 10:07 pdb2.7 -> ../lib/python2.7/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          23 Nov  7 10:44 pdb3.6 -> ../lib/python3.6/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          23 Nov  7 10:50 pdb3.7 -> ../lib/python3.7/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          23 Oct 28 16:14 pdb3.8 -> ../lib/python3.8/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          31 Oct 25  2018 py3versions -> ../share/python3/py3versions.py
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          24 Jun 19  2019 python -> /etc/alternatives/python
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          16 Apr 16  2018 python-config -> python2.7-config
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root           9 Apr 16  2018 python2 -> python2.7
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          16 Apr 16  2018 python2-config -> python2.7-config
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root   root     3637096 Nov  7 10:07 python2.7
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          33 Nov  7 10:07 python2.7-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          25 Jan  5 10:38 python3 -> /etc/alternatives/python3
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root   root         384 Feb  5  2018 python3-futurize
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root   root         388 Feb  5  2018 python3-pasteurize
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root   root         152 Nov 11  2017 python3-pbr
-rwxr-xr-x  2 root   root     4526456 Nov  7 10:44 python3.6
-rwxr-xr-x  2 root   root     4526456 Nov  7 10:44 python3.6m
-rwxr-xr-x  2 root   root     4873376 Nov  7 10:50 python3.7
-rwxr-xr-x  2 root   root     4873376 Nov  7 10:50 python3.7m
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root   root     5203488 Oct 28 16:14 python3.8
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          10 Oct 25  2018 python3m -> python3.6m
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          29 Apr 16  2018 pyversions -> ../share/python/pyversions.py
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          10 Sep 27  2018 uwsgi_python36 -> uwsgi-core
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root   root          33 Apr 16  2018 x86_64-linux-gnu-python-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root   root        2971 Nov  7 10:07 x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config

这些文件确实存在于我的系统中，因为：

dpkg -l python3-cffi-backend python3-cryptography
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name                                                  Version                         Architecture                    Description
+++-=====================================================-===============================-===============================-===============================================================================================================
ii  python3-cffi-backend                                  1.11.5-1                        amd64                           Foreign Function Interface for Python 3 calling C code - runtime
ii  python3-cryptography                                  2.1.4-1ubuntu1.3                amd64                           Python library exposing cryptographic recipes and primitives (Python 3)
ubuntu-18.04 certbot cffi
5个回答
17
投票

这解决了问题：

pip install -U cffi
4
投票

解决方案最终是安装 

sudo apt install python3-pip python3-dev build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python3-setuptools
但不是在任何虚拟环境中，然后使用 pip3 安装 cffl 也不是在任何虚拟环境中。

4
投票

在 Ubuntu 18.04 系统上安装了多个版本的

python3
，默认的 python3 (3.9) 与（
apt
管理的）系统版本 (3.6) 不同。使用 
update-alternatives
将默认设置为系统版本允许 
certbot
按预期运行。例如：

update-alternatives --config python3
There are 3 choices for the alternative python3 (providing /usr/bin/python3).

  Selection    Path                Priority   Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0            /usr/bin/python3.9   3         auto mode
  1            /usr/bin/python3.6   1         manual mode
  2            /usr/bin/python3.8   2         manual mode
  3            /usr/bin/python3.9   3         manual mode

Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 1

完成后将其切换回去。

0
投票

您可以尝试以下解决方案，如果上述解决方案不适合您..

pip3 -vvv install --upgrade --force-reinstall cffi
0
投票

如果您的默认 python 版本为 3.10 或更高版本，Certbot 可能会抛出一些这样的错误。

ModuleNotFoundError：没有名为“_cffi_backend”的模块

AttributeError：模块“集合”没有属性“映射”

解决方案是编辑 cerbot 脚本并将 python 3.8 作为其运行版本。请执行以下操作。

vim /usr/bin/certbot

改变第一行

#!/usr/bin/python3 到 #!/usr/bin/python3.8

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