PYTHON / PANDAS VALUEERROR

Question

嗨，我正在尝试使用我从网络上收集的一些数据制作一个贸易机器人。但是我总是得到Valueerror我的代码已经为我完成了，我会尝试用ploty或其他方式绘制它，但是我需要先传递此错误。如果您可以使用macd参数来完成，我会非常高兴美好的一天。

import pandas as pd
import requests
import json

import plotly.graph_objs as go
from plotly.offline import plot

from pyti.exponential_moving_average import exponential_moving_average as ema


class TradingModel:
    def __init__(self, symbol):
        self.symbol = symbol
        self.df = self.getData()

    def getData(self):


        base = 'https://api.binance.com'
        endpoint = '/api/v1/klines'
        params = '?&symbol=' + self.symbol + '&interval=1D'

        url = base + endpoint + params


        data = requests.get(url)
        dictionary = json.loads(data.text)


        df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(dictionary)
        df = df.drop(range(6, 12), axis=1)


        col_names = ['time', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume']
        df.columns = col_names


        for col in col_names:
            df[col] = df[col].astype(float)


        df['fast_ema'] = ema(df['close'].tolist(), 12)
        df['slow_ema'] = ema(df['close'].tolist(), 26)
        df['macd_line']= df['fast_ema']-df['slow_ema']
        df['signal_line']= ema(df['macd_line'].tolist(),9)
        df['histogram']=df['macd_line']-df['signal_line']

        return df

    def strategy(self):


        df = self.df

        buy_signals = []

        for i in range(1, len(df['close'])):
            if (df['macd_line'][i]>df['signal_line'][i]) &  1>df['histogram'][i]>0 :
                buy_signals.append([df['time'][i], df['low'][i]])

        self.plotData(buy_signals=buy_signals)

    def plotData(self, buy_signals=False):
        df = self.df


        candle = go.Candlestick(
            x=df['time'],
            open=df['open'],
            close=df['close'],
            high=df['high'],
            low=df['low'],
            name="Candlesticks")


        fsma = go.Scatter(
            x=df['time'],
            y=df['macd_line'],
            name="Macd_line",
            line=dict(color=('rgba(102, 207, 255, 50)')))

        ssma = go.Scatter(
            x=df['time'],
            y=df['signal_line'],
            name="Signal_line ",
            line=dict(color=('rgba(255, 207, 102, 50)')))

        hsma = go.Scatter(
            x=df['time'],
            y=df['signal_line'],
            name="histogram ",
            line=dict(color=('rgba(255, 207, 102, 50)')))
        data = [candle, ssma, fsma,hsma]

        if buy_signals:
            buys = go.Scatter(
                x=[item[0] for item in buy_signals],
                y=[item[1] for item in buy_signals],
                name="Buy Signals",
                mode="markers",
            )

            sells = go.Scatter(
                x=[item[0] for item in buy_signals],
                y=[item[1] * 1.05 for item in buy_signals],
                name="Sell Signals",
                mode="markers",
            )

            data = [candle, ssma, fsma, hsma ,buys, sells]

        layout = go.Layout(title=self.symbol)
        fig = go.Figure(data=data, layout=layout)

        plot(fig, filename=self.symbol)


def Main():
    symbol = "btcusdt"
    model = TradingModel(symbol)
    model.strategy()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    Main() 

我收到此错误

C:\Users\alper\PycharmProjects\tradingmodelpart1\venv\Scripts\python.exe C:/Users/alper/PycharmProjects/tradingmodelpart1/tradingmodelpart1.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/alper/PycharmProjects/tradingmodelpart1/tradingmodelpart1.py", line 125, in <module>
    Main()
  File "C:/Users/alper/PycharmProjects/tradingmodelpart1/tradingmodelpart1.py", line 120, in Main
    model = TradingModel(symbol)
  File "C:/Users/alper/PycharmProjects/tradingmodelpart1/tradingmodelpart1.py", line 14, in __init__
    self.df = self.getData()
  File "C:/Users/alper/PycharmProjects/tradingmodelpart1/tradingmodelpart1.py", line 30, in getData
    df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(dictionary)
  File "C:\Users\alper\PycharmProjects\tradingmodelpart1\venv\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\frame.py", line 1247, in from_dict
    return cls(data, index=index, columns=columns, dtype=dtype)
  File "C:\Users\alper\PycharmProjects\tradingmodelpart1\venv\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\frame.py", line 435, in __init__
    mgr = init_dict(data, index, columns, dtype=dtype)
  File "C:\Users\alper\PycharmProjects\tradingmodelpart1\venv\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals\construction.py", line 254, in init_dict
    return arrays_to_mgr(arrays, data_names, index, columns, dtype=dtype)
  File "C:\Users\alper\PycharmProjects\tradingmodelpart1\venv\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals\construction.py", line 64, in arrays_to_mgr
    index = extract_index(arrays)
  File "C:\Users\alper\PycharmProjects\tradingmodelpart1\venv\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals\construction.py", line 355, in extract_index
    raise ValueError("If using all scalar values, you must pass an index")
ValueError: If using all scalar values, you must pass an index

Process finished with exit code 1

Answer 1

我用json_normalize代替了from_dict，当我打印df时，这就是我得到的：

df = pd.json_normalize(dictionary)
print(df)

   code                                                msg
0 -1100  Illegal characters found in parameter 'symbol'...

正确吗？如果是，df = df.drop(range(6, 12), axis=1)将不起作用，因为这些列不存在。