我试图在R 3.5.2（在Debian 9下）安装lwgeom包，这是sf的依赖，spider是最终所需包的依赖。但是我遇到了一些错误：
> install.packages('lwgeom',depend=T)
Installing package into ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5’
(as ‘lib’ is unspecified)
also installing the dependency ‘sf’
trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/sf_0.7-2.tar.gz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 8330773 bytes (7.9 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 7.9 MB
trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/lwgeom_0.1-5.tar.gz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 439764 bytes (429 KB)
==================================================
downloaded 429 KB
* installing *source* package ‘sf’ ...
** package ‘sf’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
configure: CC: gcc -std=gnu99
configure: CXX: g++ -std=gnu++11
checking for gdal-config... /usr/bin/gdal-config
checking gdal-config usability... yes
configure: GDAL: 2.1.2
checking GDAL version >= 2.0.0... yes
checking for gcc... gcc -std=gnu99
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc -std=gnu99 accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc -std=gnu99 option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -std=gnu99 -E
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /bin/grep
checking for egrep... /bin/grep -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking gdal.h usability... yes
checking gdal.h presence... yes
checking for gdal.h... yes
checking GDAL: linking with --libs only... yes
checking GDAL: /usr/share/gdal/2.1/pcs.csv readable... yes
checking GDAL: checking whether PROJ is available for linking:... yes
checking GDAL: checking whether PROJ is available fur running:... yes
configure: pkg-config proj exists, will use it
checking proj_api.h usability... yes
checking proj_api.h presence... yes
checking for proj_api.h... yes
configure: PROJ: 4.9.3
checking for pj_init_plus in -lproj... yes
checking PROJ: epsg found and readable... yes
checking PROJ: conus found and readable... yes
checking for geos-config... /usr/local/bin/geos-config
checking geos-config usability... yes
configure: GEOS: 3.7.1
checking GEOS version >= 3.4.0... yes
checking geos_c.h usability... yes
checking geos_c.h presence... yes
checking for geos_c.h... yes
checking geos: linking with -L/usr/local/lib -lgeos_c... yes
configure: Package CPP flags: -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include
configure: Package LIBS: -lproj -L/usr/lib -lgdal -L/usr/local/lib -lgeos_c
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating src/Makevars
** libs
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c RcppExports.cpp -o RcppExports.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c bbox.cpp -o bbox.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal.cpp -o gdal.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal_geom.cpp -o gdal_geom.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal_read.cpp -o gdal_read.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal_utils.cpp -o gdal_utils.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal_write.cpp -o gdal_write.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c geos.cpp -o geos.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c hex.cpp -o hex.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c polygonize.cpp -o polygonize.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c proj.cpp -o proj.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c raster2sf.cpp -o raster2sf.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c sfg.cpp -o sfg.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c signed_area.cpp -o signed_area.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c stars.cpp -o stars.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c wkb.cpp -o wkb.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -shared -L/usr/lib/R/lib -Wl,-z,relro -o sf.so RcppExports.o bbox.o gdal.o gdal_geom.o gdal_read.o gdal_utils.o gdal_write.o geos.o hex.o polygonize.o proj.o raster2sf.o sfg.o signed_area.o stars.o wkb.o -lproj -L/usr/lib -lgdal -L/usr/local/lib -lgeos_c -L/usr/lib/R/lib -lR
installing to /home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/sf/libs
** R
** data
** demo
** inst
** byte-compile and prepare package for lazy loading
in method for ‘dbWriteTable’ with signature ‘"PostgreSQLConnection","character","sf"’: no definition for class “PostgreSQLConnection”
in method for ‘dbDataType’ with signature ‘"PostgreSQLConnection","sf"’: no definition for class “PostgreSQLConnection”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"Spatial","sf"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"Spatial","sfc"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"sf","Spatial"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"sfc","Spatial"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"XY","Spatial"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
** help
*** installing help indices
** building package indices
** installing vignettes
** testing if installed package can be loaded
Error: package or namespace load failed for ‘sf’ in dyn.load(file, DLLpath = DLLpath, ...):
unable to load shared object '/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/sf/libs/sf.so':
/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/sf/libs/sf.so: undefined symbol: GEOSFrechetDistanceDensify_r
Error: loading failed
Execution halted
ERROR: loading failed
* removing ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/sf’
Warning in install.packages :
installation of package ‘sf’ had non-zero exit status
ERROR: dependency ‘sf’ is not available for package ‘lwgeom’
* removing ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/lwgeom’
Warning in install.packages :
installation of package ‘lwgeom’ had non-zero exit status
The downloaded source packages are in
‘/tmp/RtmptKPuTu/downloaded_packages’
有错误的行是：
in method for ‘dbWriteTable’ with signature ‘"PostgreSQLConnection","character","sf"’: no definition for class “PostgreSQLConnection”
in method for ‘dbDataType’ with signature ‘"PostgreSQLConnection","sf"’: no definition for class “PostgreSQLConnection”
我安装了包RSQLite和RPostgreSQL，但这并没有解决它。
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"Spatial","sf"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"Spatial","sfc"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"sf","Spatial"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"sfc","Spatial"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"XY","Spatial"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
我不知道如何解决这些问题，但我在Debian中安装了以下软件包：
libgdal-dev is already the newest version (2.1.2+dfsg-5).
libgeos-dev is already the newest version (3.5.1-3).
libproj-dev is already the newest version (4.9.3-1).
libudunits2-dev is already the newest version (2.2.20-1+b1).
最后一个重要错误：
ERROR: dependency ‘sf’ is not available for package ‘lwgeom’
但是，如果我尝试安装sf，我收到以下错误：
> install.packages('sf',depend=T)
Installing package into ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5’
(as ‘lib’ is unspecified)
also installing the dependencies ‘tmaptools’, ‘lwgeom’, ‘mapview’, ‘stars’, ‘tmap’
trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/tmaptools_2.0-1.tar.gz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 84292 bytes (82 KB)
==================================================
downloaded 82 KB
trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/lwgeom_0.1-5.tar.gz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 439764 bytes (429 KB)
==================================================
downloaded 429 KB
trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/mapview_2.6.3.tar.gz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 2016015 bytes (1.9 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 1.9 MB
trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/stars_0.2-0.tar.gz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 5999356 bytes (5.7 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 5.7 MB
trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/tmap_2.2.tar.gz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 2900602 bytes (2.8 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 2.8 MB
trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/src/contrib/sf_0.7-2.tar.gz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 8330773 bytes (7.9 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 7.9 MB
* installing *source* package ‘sf’ ...
** package ‘sf’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
configure: CC: gcc -std=gnu99
configure: CXX: g++ -std=gnu++11
checking for gdal-config... /usr/bin/gdal-config
checking gdal-config usability... yes
configure: GDAL: 2.1.2
checking GDAL version >= 2.0.0... yes
checking for gcc... gcc -std=gnu99
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc -std=gnu99 accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc -std=gnu99 option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -std=gnu99 -E
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /bin/grep
checking for egrep... /bin/grep -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking gdal.h usability... yes
checking gdal.h presence... yes
checking for gdal.h... yes
checking GDAL: linking with --libs only... yes
checking GDAL: /usr/share/gdal/2.1/pcs.csv readable... yes
checking GDAL: checking whether PROJ is available for linking:... yes
checking GDAL: checking whether PROJ is available fur running:... yes
configure: pkg-config proj exists, will use it
checking proj_api.h usability... yes
checking proj_api.h presence... yes
checking for proj_api.h... yes
configure: PROJ: 4.9.3
checking for pj_init_plus in -lproj... yes
checking PROJ: epsg found and readable... yes
checking PROJ: conus found and readable... yes
checking for geos-config... /usr/local/bin/geos-config
checking geos-config usability... yes
configure: GEOS: 3.7.1
checking GEOS version >= 3.4.0... yes
checking geos_c.h usability... yes
checking geos_c.h presence... yes
checking for geos_c.h... yes
checking geos: linking with -L/usr/local/lib -lgeos_c... yes
configure: Package CPP flags: -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include
configure: Package LIBS: -lproj -L/usr/lib -lgdal -L/usr/local/lib -lgeos_c
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating src/Makevars
** libs
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c RcppExports.cpp -o RcppExports.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c bbox.cpp -o bbox.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal.cpp -o gdal.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal_geom.cpp -o gdal_geom.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal_read.cpp -o gdal_read.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal_utils.cpp -o gdal_utils.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c gdal_write.cpp -o gdal_write.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c geos.cpp -o geos.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c hex.cpp -o hex.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c polygonize.cpp -o polygonize.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c proj.cpp -o proj.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c raster2sf.cpp -o raster2sf.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c sfg.cpp -o sfg.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c signed_area.cpp -o signed_area.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c stars.cpp -o stars.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -I"/usr/share/R/include" -DNDEBUG -I/usr/include/gdal -I/usr/local/include -I"/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/Rcpp/include" -fpic -g -O2 -fdebug-prefix-map=/home/jranke/git/r-backports/stretch/r-base-3.5.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -c wkb.cpp -o wkb.o
g++ -std=gnu++11 -shared -L/usr/lib/R/lib -Wl,-z,relro -o sf.so RcppExports.o bbox.o gdal.o gdal_geom.o gdal_read.o gdal_utils.o gdal_write.o geos.o hex.o polygonize.o proj.o raster2sf.o sfg.o signed_area.o stars.o wkb.o -lproj -L/usr/lib -lgdal -L/usr/local/lib -lgeos_c -L/usr/lib/R/lib -lR
installing to /home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/sf/libs
** R
** data
** demo
** inst
** byte-compile and prepare package for lazy loading
in method for ‘dbWriteTable’ with signature ‘"PostgreSQLConnection","character","sf"’: no definition for class “PostgreSQLConnection”
in method for ‘dbDataType’ with signature ‘"PostgreSQLConnection","sf"’: no definition for class “PostgreSQLConnection”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"Spatial","sf"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"Spatial","sfc"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"sf","Spatial"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"sfc","Spatial"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
in method for ‘coerce’ with signature ‘"XY","Spatial"’: no definition for class “Spatial”
** help
*** installing help indices
** building package indices
** installing vignettes
** testing if installed package can be loaded
Error: package or namespace load failed for ‘sf’ in dyn.load(file, DLLpath = DLLpath, ...):
unable to load shared object '/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/sf/libs/sf.so':
/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/sf/libs/sf.so: undefined symbol: GEOSFrechetDistanceDensify_r
Error: loading failed
Execution halted
ERROR: loading failed
* removing ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/sf’
Warning in install.packages :
installation of package ‘sf’ had non-zero exit status
ERROR: dependency ‘sf’ is not available for package ‘lwgeom’
* removing ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/lwgeom’
Warning in install.packages :
installation of package ‘lwgeom’ had non-zero exit status
ERROR: dependency ‘sf’ is not available for package ‘mapview’
* removing ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/mapview’
Warning in install.packages :
installation of package ‘mapview’ had non-zero exit status
ERROR: dependency ‘sf’ is not available for package ‘stars’
* removing ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/stars’
Warning in install.packages :
installation of package ‘stars’ had non-zero exit status
ERROR: dependencies ‘sf’, ‘lwgeom’ are not available for package ‘tmaptools’
* removing ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/tmaptools’
Warning in install.packages :
installation of package ‘tmaptools’ had non-zero exit status
ERROR: dependencies ‘tmaptools’, ‘sf’, ‘mapview’ are not available for package ‘tmap’
* removing ‘/home/rodrigo/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5/tmap’
Warning in install.packages :
installation of package ‘tmap’ had non-zero exit status
The downloaded source packages are in
‘/tmp/RtmptKPuTu/downloaded_packages’
我不明白（除了我无法解决的错误）是：sf如何成为lwgeom的依赖，而lwgeom同时是sf的依赖？
好吧，我最终卸载并再次从Debian官方存储库和源代码中卸载和安装GDAL和GEOS，几次。直到我做对了，不知道究竟是怎么回事。最后我起床了：
ldconfig -v | grep gdal
libgdal.so.20 -> libgdal.so.20.1.2
ldconfig -v | grep geos
libgeos-3.7.1.so -> libgeos.so
libgeos_c.so.1 -> libgeos_c.so.1.11.1
libgeos-3.5.1.so -> libgeos-3.5.1.so
libgeos_c.so.1 -> libgeos_c.so.1.9.1
这与我遇到的第一个问题非常相似（不止一个版本的GEOS）。所以不要问我......
lwgeom和sf的安装发出了一些警告，但我终于能够安装spider了。