如何解释h2o.predict()结果的概率(p0,p1)

问题描述 投票:4回答:2

我想理解来自H2o R-package的h2o.predict()函数的值(结果)的含义。我意识到在某些情况下,当predict列是1时,p1列的值低于p0列。我对p0p1列的解释是指每个事件的概率,所以我预计当predict=1 p1的概率应该高于相反事件的概率(p0)时,但它并不总是如我所示以下示例:使用prostate dataset

这是可执行的例子:

library(h2o)
h2o.init(max_mem_size = "12g", nthreads = -1)
prostate.hex <- h2o.importFile("https://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/prostate/prostate.csv")
prostate.hex$CAPSULE  <- as.factor(prostate.hex$CAPSULE)
prostate.hex$RACE     <- as.factor(prostate.hex$RACE)
prostate.hex$DCAPS    <- as.factor(prostate.hex$DCAPS)
prostate.hex$DPROS    <- as.factor(prostate.hex$DPROS)

prostate.hex.split = h2o.splitFrame(data = prostate.hex,
  ratios = c(0.70, 0.20, 0.10), seed = 1234)
train.hex     <- prostate.hex.split[[1]]
validate.hex  <- prostate.hex.split[[2]]
test.hex      <- prostate.hex.split[[3]]

fit <- h2o.glm(y = "CAPSULE", x = c("AGE", "RACE", "PSA", "DCAPS"),
  training_frame = train.hex,
  validation_frame = validate.hex,
  family = "binomial", nfolds = 0, alpha = 0.5)

prostate.predict = h2o.predict(object = fit, newdata = test.hex)
result <- as.data.frame(prostate.predict)
subset(result, predict == 1 & p1 < 0.4)

我得到subset函数结果的以下输出:

   predict        p0        p1
11       1 0.6355974 0.3644026
17       1 0.6153021 0.3846979
23       1 0.6289063 0.3710937
25       1 0.6007919 0.3992081
31       1 0.6239587 0.3760413

对于来自test.hex数据集的所有上述观察,预测是1,但是p0 > p1

predict=1p1 < p0的总观察结果为:

>   nrow(subset(result, predict == 1 & p1 < p0))
[1] 14

相反,没有predict=0 p0 < p1

>   nrow(subset(result, predict == 0 & p0 < p1))
[1] 0

以下是tablepredict信息表:

> table(result$predict)

 0  1 
18 23 

我们使用以下值作为决策变量CAPSULE

> levels(as.data.frame(prostate.hex)$CAPSULE)
[1] "0" "1"

有什么建议吗?

注意:具有类似主题的问题:How to interpret results of h2o.predict未解决此特定问题。

r machine-learning deep-learning h2o glm
2个回答
3
投票

似乎(也见here)将F1 score数据集上最大化validation的阈值用作h2o.glm()分类的默认阈值。我们可以观察到以下内容:

  1. 在验证数据集上最大化F1 score的阈值是0.363477
  2. 具有预测的p1概率小于该阈值的所有数据点被分类为0类(预测为0类的数据点具有最高的p1概率= 0.3602365 <0.363477)。
  3. 具有预测的p1概率大于该阈值的所有数据点被分类为1类(预测为1类的数据点具有最低的p1概率= 0.3644026> 0.363477)。 min(result[result$predict==1,]$p1) # [1] 0.3644026 max(result[result$predict==0,]$p1) # [1] 0.3602365 # Thresholds found by maximizing the metrics on the training dataset fit@model$training_metrics@metrics$max_criteria_and_metric_scores #Maximum Metrics: Maximum metrics at their respective thresholds # metric threshold value idx #1 max f1 0.314699 0.641975 200 #2 max f2 0.215203 0.795148 262 #3 max f0point5 0.451965 0.669856 74 #4 max accuracy 0.451965 0.707581 74 #5 max precision 0.998285 1.000000 0 #6 max recall 0.215203 1.000000 262 #7 max specificity 0.998285 1.000000 0 #8 max absolute_mcc 0.451965 0.395147 74 #9 max min_per_class_accuracy 0.360174 0.652542 127 #10 max mean_per_class_accuracy 0.391279 0.683269 97 # Thresholds found by maximizing the metrics on the validation dataset fit@model$validation_metrics@metrics$max_criteria_and_metric_scores #Maximum Metrics: Maximum metrics at their respective thresholds # metric threshold value idx #1 max f1 0.363477 0.607143 33 #2 max f2 0.292342 0.785714 51 #3 max f0point5 0.643382 0.725806 9 #4 max accuracy 0.643382 0.774194 9 #5 max precision 0.985308 1.000000 0 #6 max recall 0.292342 1.000000 51 #7 max specificity 0.985308 1.000000 0 #8 max absolute_mcc 0.643382 0.499659 9 #9 max min_per_class_accuracy 0.379602 0.650000 28 #10 max mean_per_class_accuracy 0.618286 0.702273 11 result[order(result$predict),] # predict p0 p1 #5 0 0.703274569 0.2967254 #6 0 0.639763460 0.3602365 #13 0 0.689557497 0.3104425 #14 0 0.656764541 0.3432355 #15 0 0.696248328 0.3037517 #16 0 0.707069611 0.2929304 #18 0 0.692137408 0.3078626 #19 0 0.701482762 0.2985172 #20 0 0.705973644 0.2940264 #21 0 0.701156961 0.2988430 #22 0 0.671778898 0.3282211 #24 0 0.646735016 0.3532650 #26 0 0.646582708 0.3534173 #27 0 0.690402957 0.3095970 #32 0 0.649945017 0.3500550 #37 0 0.804937468 0.1950625 #40 0 0.717706731 0.2822933 #41 0 0.642094040 0.3579060 #1 1 0.364577068 0.6354229 #2 1 0.503432724 0.4965673 #3 1 0.406771233 0.5932288 #4 1 0.551801718 0.4481983 #7 1 0.339600779 0.6603992 #8 1 0.002978593 0.9970214 #9 1 0.378034417 0.6219656 #10 1 0.596298925 0.4037011 #11 1 0.635597359 0.3644026 #12 1 0.552662241 0.4473378 #17 1 0.615302107 0.3846979 #23 1 0.628906297 0.3710937 #25 1 0.600791894 0.3992081 #28 1 0.216571552 0.7834284 #29 1 0.559174924 0.4408251 #30 1 0.489514642 0.5104854 #31 1 0.623958696 0.3760413 #33 1 0.504691497 0.4953085 #34 1 0.582509462 0.4174905 #35 1 0.504136056 0.4958639 #36 1 0.463076505 0.5369235 #38 1 0.510908093 0.4890919 #39 1 0.469376828 0.5306232

4
投票

你所描述的是0.5的阈值。事实上,将使用不同的阈值,一个最大化某个度量的阈值。默认度量标准为F1(*);如果您打印模型信息,您可以找到用于每个指标的阈值。

请参阅问题:How to understand the metrics of H2OModelMetrics Object through h2o.performance?了解更多信息(您的问题不同,这就是为什么我没有将其标记为重复)。

据我所知,你无法将F1默认值更改为h2o.predict()h2o.performance()。但相反,你可以使用h2o.confusionMatrix()

鉴于你的模型fit,并使用最大F2代替:

h2o.confusionMatrix(fit, metrics = "f2")

您也可以直接使用h2o.predict()“p0”列,使用您自己的阈值,而不是“预测”列。 (这就是我以前做过的事。)

*:定义如下:https://github.com/h2oai/h2o-3/blob/fdde85e41bad5f31b6b841b300ce23cfb2d8c0b0/h2o-core/src/main/java/hex/AUC2.java#L34该文件的下方还显示了如何计算每个指标。

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